?How did Othman bin Artgrel turn a tribal system into an emirate that produced the Ottoman Empire
?How did Othman bin Artgrel turn a tribal system into an emirate that produced the Ottoman Empire 11670
It is an Islamic country that has lived for more than 600 years, and its lands extend to vast areas in 3 continents, namely Europe, Asia, and Africa. It was founded by Othman I bin Artgrel in 1299 AD, and ended with the fall of the state in 1924 AD.
The origin of the Ottomans
The origin of the Ottomans goes back to the Kayi tribe, and they are a group of the Turkmen Ghaz (Oghuz) tribes, who used to live in Central Asia, but were subjected to the Mongol invasion and were forced to migrate to the west towards Anatolia, where they settled there under the rule of the Seljuk state of Rum in 1123 AD.
Their leader, Suleiman Shah, used to move them from one region to another. After their settlement in Anatolia, he decided to travel towards the Euphrates basin, but he died by drowning while crossing the river. Anatolia, led by Ertugrul bin Suleiman Shah, joined Ertuğrul and those with him to serve the Seljuk state, fight with it, and achieve its glories.
Each time, the Seljuk Sultan gave Ertuğrul some land in the Ankara region until Ertuğrul died in 1281 AD, and his son Osman I bin Ertugrul, the founder of the Ottoman Empire, succeeded him.

The founding phase (1299-1451 AD)
This stage begins with Othman assuming the leadership of the tribe after his father, and his declaration of independence from the Seljuks after their defeat by the Mongols, and the stage continues until the end of the rule of Murad II, the sixth ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
At this stage, the Ottoman Empire was established, became independent, established its regular army, unified Anatolia under its leadership, conquered the Balkan cities, and reached central Europe, and the Byzantine state concluded truces and treaties with it. It became an independent sovereign state, with significance among nations.
The period of power and expansion (1451-1595 AD)
This stage begins during the reign of Muhammad al-Fateh, who is the seventh ruler of the Ottoman Empire, and continues until the end of the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent, during which the Ottoman Empire expanded greatly, and Constantinople (Istanbul), the most important stronghold of the Byzantine state, was conquered by Muhammad al-Fatih, and the Shiites who revolted in Asia Minor by Sultan Selim.
And the caliphate moved from the Abbasid state to the Ottoman state during the reign of Sultan Selim, and the rule of the Mamluks was ended, and Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen, the Levant, and the Middle Maghreb were conquered, and the rule of all these regions was unified under the Ottoman state, which also annexed parts of Eastern Europe to its sovereignty.
During that period, the state witnessed political and legal organization, the consolidation of justice, civilizational and cultural development, openness to various sciences, arts and literature, interest in architecture, the construction of palaces, the opening of roads and bridges, and a general economic recovery as a result of the control of agricultural lands and trade routes.

The stage of stagnation and cessation (1566-1774 AD)
This stage extends from the rule of Selim II, the successor of Suleiman the Magnificent, until the signing of the Treaty of (Kaynarje), according to which the Ottoman Empire ceded much of its lands in favor of Russia. The reign of Selim II.
Despite the expansion of the Ottoman Empire eastward during this stage, its sultans were not of the same strength and prestige, and concessions began on parts of the state in favor of other countries, and attempts to restore it, and some sultans tried to restore prestige to the state, such as Sultan Mehmed IV, as the Ottoman forces in His promise to attack Hungary, threaten Vienna, and seize Ukraine.
However, after the ouster of Muhammad IV, chaos reigned again, defeats continued, and parts of European countries and the Balkan countries were occupied. In exchange for the Ottoman Empire's concession of many lands in favor of Russia, the Ottoman Empire sank into weakness.
The stage of weakness and decay (1774-1918 AD)
After Sultan Selim III assumed power, he tried to carry out general reforms for the state and the army, and he took advantage of the preoccupation of European countries with the war to organize and modernize his army, and he allied with the British to eliminate Napoleon's campaign against Egypt, and he managed to do so, but he was unable to eliminate the Janissaries who intended to ignite strife in the army Continuously, and in the end they were able to isolate Selim III and kill him, and then they revolted against Mustafa IV and isolated him, and installed his brother Mahmoud II in his place.
Several European countries became independent from the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Mahmoud II, and Russia began its war against the Ottomans, occupying Baghdan and Al-Aflaq, France occupied Algeria, and the ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, expanded his influence to include the Levant, Palestine, and the cities of the Lebanese coast, and reached Anatolia and defeated the Ottoman army .
And Sultan Mahmoud II sought the help of Prussia to repel the attack of the Egyptian governor, and the countries of Europe intervened to conclude a reconciliation between the governor of Egypt and the Ottoman Sultan, and the latter tried to restore the Egyptian lands and the Levant from the governor of Egypt, but the defeat befell the Ottoman army, and Mahmoud II died, and was succeeded by Abdul Majeed I, who tried Restoring the Levantine lands in cooperation with the British and Austrian battleships.
The cities of the Levant returned to the Ottoman Empire, after which an agreement was concluded between the European countries and the Ottoman Empire called the London Agreement on the Straits. As a result of its decline and the large number of its internal divisions, and its weakness.
During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the Armenian crisis arose, as the Armenians demanded an improvement in their conditions, and they tried to stage a revolution, but the Sultan sent his armies to them and defeated them, and the Jews tried to establish a national homeland for them in Palestine, but the Sultan issued a decree preventing the immigration of Jews to Palestine.
But he was forced to cede power to his brother Muhammad Rashad V, who did not have the actual rule of the state, as the rule was in the hands of the army, and the Ottoman Empire lost Libya - its last stronghold in Africa - then the First Balkan War broke out and with it the Ottoman Empire lost what remained of its lands in the Balkans, And led to the withdrawal of hundreds of thousands of Muslims to Turkey.

When the First World War (1914-1918) broke out, the Ottoman Empire allied with Germany against Russia, so the Allies launched a massive military campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula with the aim of establishing a corridor between the Black and White Seas, seizing Constantinople to save Russia from its isolation, and encircling Germany, but this campaign It failed and the English fleet was defeated, and it was a great disaster for the Allies, so they attacked the Ottoman Empire in its possessions in the Middle East, and seized German possessions in the Far East and the Pacific Ocean.
The Arabs were mobilized against the Ottomans in agreement with Britain, in exchange for granting them their independence, and the Sharif of Mecca Hussein revolted against the Ottomans, expelling them from the Hijaz, and the British forces participated in controlling the Levant, and the Ottoman Empire lost much of its lands, and the Mudros Treaty was concluded with the allies, according to which the Ottomans exited the war.
After the First World War.. the stage of decline
Months after the signing of the treaty, the allied naval fleet attacked the ports of the Black Sea and took control of it, and the allies occupied the Turkish lands, so a national revolution arose against this occupation led by Mustafa Ataturk, who refused to surrender to the Greek occupation in Izmir, then settled in Ankara and declared that its government is the legitimate government, and sought To establish a new government and parliament.
The Treaty of Sevres was imposed on the Sultan and he signed it against his will in 1920. According to this treaty, most of the areas near Istanbul were transferred to Greece, and Syria came under the authority of the French occupation, and Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan under the British occupation.
But Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his comrades rejected that treaty and its provisions. Several battles took place between the Turkish resistance and the Greek forces, and ended with the liberation of Turkish lands and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which ended the terms of the Treaty of Sevres, thus ending the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and Turkey declared an official republic in 1923 AD.

The most prominent leaders of the Ottoman Empire
Othman bin Artgrel (1299-1326 AD)
He is the founder of the Ottoman Empire, he was able to transform the tribal system into an emirate, declare independence from the Seljuk state, and consolidate his relations with the Turkmen emirates around him, and he called himself (Padishah Al Othman), meaning the monarch of the Othman family, and when he died in 1326 AD, the area of his emirate was 16 thousand square kilometers.
Orhan bin Othman (1326-1362 AD)
He conquered Bursa at the beginning of his rule, which is the most important Byzantine city in Anatolia, and took it as the capital of his state, and formed a full-time regular army to fight, and declared the official independence of the Ottoman state in 1335 AD after the fall of the Ilkhanate state, and ordered the writing of laws, coinage, and transformed his emirate into a state, and crossed the Ottomans to European shore in 1352 AD. At the time of Orhan's death, the area of the Ottoman Empire reached 95,000 square kilometers.
Murad I bin Orkhan (1362-1389 AD)
He conquered Edirne, which is the most important city in Anatolia after Constantinople, then conquered the cities of the Balkans, and introduced the Ottomans to 5 new countries: Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Kosovo, and Macedonia, and the area of the Ottoman Empire increased during his reign to 500 thousand square kilometers.
Bayezid I (1389-1402 AD)
He completed the Balkan conquests with great victories, and expanded his emirate towards central and western Europe, and the area of the Ottoman Empire at the end of his reign reached 942 thousand square kilometers, but he was defeated by the Timorese and captured, and this led to the dismemberment of the state and its dispersion after him.
Murad II (1421-1451)
He is the sixth ruler of the Ottoman Empire, he helped stabilize the state’s situation, and he achieved several victories over the Byzantine state, forcing it to conclude a truce with him, and he defeated Hungary and Serbia, and Venice concluded with him a truce and trade agreements after a 5-year siege, and Bosnia declared during his reign subordination to the Ottoman state .
Muhammad II / Muhammad Al-Fatih (1451-1481 AD)
The conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 and ended the rule of the Byzantines, and declared it the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and called it “Islam Paul” (the city of Islam), and he was called Muhammad the Conqueror, and the conquest of the countries of the Serbs, the countries of the Moors, the Wallachians, the Baghdan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the conquest of Trabzon, and he passed away before the conquest of Italy.
Selim I (1512-1520 AD)
He is the ninth sultan of the Ottomans, he fought the Shiites and subjected them to his rule, united the Islamic regions, conquered Cairo and annexed Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen, the Levant and the Middle Maghreb to his rule after multiple battles, and the Islamic caliphate moved during his reign from the Abbasid state to the Ottoman state, after the abdication of the last successors of the Abbasid state Muhammad III al-Mutawakkil May God grant the succession to Sultan Selim, who became the Emir of the Believers and the Caliph of the Muslims, and Sultan Selim was able to make the Ottoman Empire a unified and great regional power.
Suleiman the Magnificent (1521-1566 AD)
His reign was called the golden era of the Ottoman Empire, as this period was characterized by great power, stability, and wealth, and a unified legal system was established during his reign, public budget systems, palaces, mosques, libraries, hospitals, roads and bridges were built, and he welcomed arts, literature and various sciences, and expanded the Ottoman Empire to include regions of Eastern Europe.
Selim III (1789-1803 AD)
When he came to power, the state needed internal reforms in all fields, so he made efforts to purify the maritime trade routes from pirates, repaired the gaps, established castles on them, built several modern-style warships, and brought in a number of Swedish and French engineers to cast most of the artillery molds, and brought in experts And French officers to train the soldiers and improve the strength of the army.
And when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Egypt, Sultan Selim III allied with the English armies to expel the French and succeeded in that and concluded a treaty with the French. The siege was lifted after the help of the French, and the Janissaries fueled sedition in the army against him, and they were able to isolate him, capture him, and kill him.
Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 AD)
He is the 34th ruler of the Ottoman Empire, and he carried out internal reforms for the country, opening schools for girls, caring about increasing the number of secondary and primary schools, building a transportation station, building the Hijaz Railway, and transforming the Post and Telegraph Corporation into a ministry in 1877 AD.
He also established the urban post office in 1901 AD, and established a telephone infrastructure in Turkey, and established a children's hospital in Sisli in 1899 AD, and a home for the elderly in 1906, and refused to settle Jews in Palestine, and eliminated the Armenian revolution, and because of the strife that arose, he abdicated power to his brother Muhammad Rashad in 1909 .




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