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The atmosphere is one of the basic elements that make up the planet. Without the atmosphere, life on the planet will not continue. Just as God created the mountains to be the anchors of the earth to maintain the stability and stability of the earth, the Creator also created the atmosphere. The atmosphere serves as the first wall of protection for the globe against dangers and damage. .
The atmosphere consists of several layers created by God Almighty with great wisdom that act as a filter for everything that reaches the Earth. It is an invisible envelope and acts as a large filter that allows the passage of the sun and prevents harmful radiation from entering the earth’s surface, and this is what we will learn about together.
How is the Earth's atmosphere:
The Earth’s atmosphere was formed over billions of years, according to scientists’ estimates. The process of forming the Earth’s atmosphere passed through several stages. The first stage witnessed the formation of hydrogen and helium gas, which were launched into the atmosphere from the Earth due to the inability of Earth’s gravity to retain or attract light gases.
While the second stage of the formation of the Earth’s atmosphere witnessed the formation of most of the atmospheric gases by the action of volcanoes. The gases emitted from the volcanoes were the main source of the formation of the second atmosphere, such as first gas, carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, water vapor, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine and sulfur dioxide. Methane and ammonia are all gases emitted from volcanoes.
The third stage of the formation of the Earth’s atmosphere witnessed the stage of oxygen formation, which has become 21% at the present time, and ultraviolet rays contributed to its formation, as ultraviolet rays disintegrated water molecules, which led to an increase in the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere in small proportions, and it should be noted that The main source of oxygen in the atmosphere are green algae and bacteria.
Layers of the Atmosphere and the Importance of Each of them:
Definition of atmosphere:
The Earth's atmosphere is a layer of a mixture of gases surrounding the Earth attracted to it by Earth's gravity, and the atmosphere contains 78% of nitrogen gas, 21% of oxygen gas, 0.09% of argon gas, 0.04% of carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen and helium Neon and xenon, and the atmosphere protects the Earth from absorbing ultraviolet rays and works to moderate temperatures on the Earth's surface.
98% of the mass of the atmosphere is located in the first 30 square kilometers of the Earth's surface, and the atmosphere of each planet of the solar system differs from each other, there are planets with a very thick atmosphere, as is the case for the atmosphere of the planet Venus, and some without an atmosphere, and they differ The components and gases of the atmosphere separated from each other for each planet of the solar system.
The atmosphere is considered a large reservoir of water used to transport water around the earth, where the volume of water in the atmosphere reaches approximately 12 cubic kilometers, most of which falls in the form of rain in the seas and oceans. It covers the globe with a depth of up to 2.5 cm, and the weight of the clouds it contains is estimated at thousands of billions of tons.
The atmosphere consists of six main layers that overlap each other, making it impossible to separate them, and each of them has its importance. These layers are:
Layers of the atmosphere and the importance and height of each layer
1- Troposphere:
It is the first layer of the atmosphere and the closest layer of the atmosphere to the earth, starting from the surface of the earth and extending to a height of about 10 km, in which most of the atmospheric strikes occur. Rain, as about 99% of the water in the atmosphere is in this layer, in which the temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
2- Stratosphere:
It is the second layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, its thickness is about 50 km above the troposphere, which is about 10 km thick, or it reaches about 60 km above sea level. The “ozone” absorbs high-energy ultraviolet rays and turns them into heat, thus protecting the Earth’s surface from the dangers of ultraviolet rays, so the temperature increases as we rise in the stratosphere, despite the height of this layer above sea level, but it is characterized by a high temperature due to the presence of the ozone layer Which is about 30 kilometers thick, which blocks the ultraviolet rays emitted by solar radiation, sends a weather balloon to it and planes fly with it.
3- The Mesosphere:
It is the third layer of the atmosphere after the troposphere and the stratosphere, and its height ranges between 80 to 85 km above sea level, meaning that its thickness is about 20 km above the stratosphere. The mesosphere is the coldest layer in the atmosphere where the temperature can reach -100 m (100 below Zero), this layer is characterized by a rise in the air temperature in its lower section and then gradually decreases with the rise to the top of the upper ends of the layer, and it is of great importance in protecting the planet as it burns with meteors and meteors coming from outer space.
4- Thermosphere:
It is the fourth layer of the atmosphere, and it is the highest layer of the atmosphere, as it rises above sea level by between 500 km when the sun is active and 1000 km when the sun is calm. The atmospheric layer that follows is a thermal limit, and therefore its summit is determined by a thermoposite limit on the basis of its gaseous composition. Its temperature is fixed at -93 ° C for several kilometers at the bottom and then increases with altitude, reaching about 700 m at an altitude of 300 km, but it may approach 2000 m When the sun is active and the temperature remains the same until the end of the thermocline and during the next atmospheric layer, its name is derived from the Greek word thermo, which means hot to denote the intensity of the heat in it. Which appear in the North Pole and the Antarctic in the thermocline, is of great importance to the orbit of satellites and international space stations.
5- The ionosphere:
It is the fifth layer of the atmosphere, which is the layer above the mesosphere from a height of about 80 km to 125 km or more. Thermosphere has a high percentage of hydrogen gas.
6- Exosphere:
It is the last outer layer of the atmosphere. Its name is derived from the word Exo, which means outside. The Exosphere layer extends high above the thermosphere and reaches the end of the atmosphere at an altitude of 64,400 km. The air molecules become so rare in the Exosphere that they are considered non-existent.
The importance of the atmosphere:
Provides living creatures with air to breathe
- Allows the penetration of visible rays, infrared rays and other thermal and light rays from the sun, which are absorbed by the earth, providing warmth and protection.
Protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet rays that cause many diseases such as skin cancer and many skin and visual diseases.
- Contributes to the regulation and distribution of the prevailing temperatures on the surface of the globe, as it regulates the arrival of sunlight and prevents the penetration of all terrestrial radiation into outer space, even if there is no atmosphere for the Earth to exceed the daily range of 200 degrees Celsius.
The atmosphere has a vital role in preserving water, as it distributes water vapor to different regions of the world, where the water evaporates and rises to the top, where it cools and condenses, forming clouds laden with water and falling in the form of rain again on the ground.
Protecting living organisms on the Earth's surface from harmful cosmic rays, especially ultraviolet rays.
It forms a protective shield that protects the surface of the earth from meteorites and meteors, as most of them disintegrate before reaching the surface of the earth as a result of air friction and combustion.
It is a means of communication used by planes and through which sounds are transmitted, and without the presence of air in the atmosphere, there would be a frightening stillness and calmness on the surface of the earth.
- it helps to distribute the light conveniently.
In which layer of the atmosphere do planes and satellites fly, and at what layer and at what height is the International Space Station?
Atmosphere pollution:
The atmosphere is polluted when there are foreign substances in it or when an important change occurs in its component ratios, and these foreign substances are related to the atmosphere in a solid, gaseous or liquid form. Factories, combustion products and motor vehicles are the most important sources of air pollution at the present time, as well as nuclear tests And pesticides, where scientists have counted more than a hundred substances that pollute the atmosphere and have devastating effects on the environment and on the biological balance, and pollution threatens the ozone layer that protects the earth from the dangers of harmful rays. The vegetable is one of the most important factors for purifying and filtering the air from pollution.
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