ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ: ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ، ⴷ ⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ.
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ:
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1900 ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ « ⵉⵍⵉⵖ » ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵚⵡⵡⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ (ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ » ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵕⵇⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ:
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵕⵇⵢⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵇⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵕⴰⵏ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1914 ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⵍⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1918 ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1924 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵕⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928.
ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ:
ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ (ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ).
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ 07 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ 29 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1956 ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵊ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ), ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1960 ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ.
ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵢ
ⵉⵍⵜⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937 ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1945, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1952 ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵜ, ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1954, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ 1960 ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵉⴳⵏ.
ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:
ⵍⵎⵄⵙⵓⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 8 ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵔ 1960 ⴷ 1963.
ⴳ ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰ: ⵉⴳⴰ 4 ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵍⵖⵉⵢⴰⵜ: ⵉⴳⴰ 3 ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ.
ⵙⵓⵙ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ: ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵄⵙⵓⵍ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ.
ⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 11 ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ.
ⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ: ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ:
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1963 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ.
ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ: ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⴱⴰⵖⴰ