?"The Moon", Anis Al Shura'a, its beginning and its end
If the Earth had ever been without a moon, life might not have settled on it, but rather it might not have originated on it at all. If the moon leaves the earth in the future and does not return, the earth will be disturbed and will never be fit for life after that.
If the moon that illuminates our sky is so important, where did it come from and how did it appear? Did it originate with the emergence of the earth, or followed it? What is its impact on the
?duration of Earth Day and its seasons
Giant collision...the birth of the moon
According to the Giant Impact theory, scientists believe - according to computer simulations - that a planet with the diameter of Mars (half the radius of the Earth and one tenth of its mass) and called "Theia" - who is the mother of Selene, the Greek moon goddess - collided with Earth shortly after its birth. With a period ranging between 20 and 100 million years, which led to the separation of a surface part of it and its flight to an orbit extending around the Earth beyond the area of what is known as the “Roche limit” (which is the distance at which the planet’s gravity prevents the gathering of small scattered bodies around it in the form of a single mass) Because of the planet's gravitational force), the moon was formed after its fragments gathered, cooled and fused together in the form of a single ball.
Apollo’s trips to the moon (1969-1972) demonstrated the validity of this theory after revealing that some of the isotopes that make up moon rocks are similar to those that make up the earth’s crust, such as oxygen isotopes in particular, and that the density of moon rocks from which about 450 kilograms was collected was similar to the density of the earth’s crust. (3.5 grams per cubic centimeter) and not with the average density of the Earth’s material (5.5 grams per cubic centimeter), which led scientists to tend to the fact that this collision occurred sideways with the Earth, cutting off part of it after the material of the planet “The Ya” was completely melted. After this collision, which explains the absence of any traces of an impact crater (a crater resulting from a violent collision with external bodies such as meteorites), this event was recorded, especially since the earth at that time was a fiery mass of semi-liquid lava, and that the temperature of the collision amounted to more than ten thousand degrees That is, it was hotter than the surface of the sun, which made it glow white in those moments.
Infernal era
The first era of Earth's formation is called the "Hadean Eon" because the Earth's color was red due to its high temperature. Although the theory assumes that the flaming earth has arisen after that collision, there are observations of materials found on the earth that contradict this and even deny the existence of these volcanic oceans.
And recently, most of the results of studies of impact craters on the Earth’s surface concluded that if any large object (with a diameter of several hundred meters or larger) collides with the Earth, it will leave a thunderous explosion that topples its entire substance and annihilates it completely in the form of energy, dust and dust, most of which will fly into the atmosphere and may cause fragmentation Parts of the Earth and their escape into space, as happened with the Martian meteorites that are sometimes found on the surface of the Earth. They arise because of such shocking events.
The Moon.. The hypotheses of truncating, capturing and accumulating
The aforementioned giant impact theory is the latest and most powerful hypothesis that explains the origin of the moon, but it followed other hypotheses that talked about the possibility of the moon's emergence in various other ways. The first of these hypotheses is the truncation hypothesis, which assumes that the Earth escaped part of it into space due to its initial speed of rotation around itself, and the bottom of the Pacific Ocean represents that part, and from it the formation of the moon that revolves around us, but it was discovered geologically that the age of this bottom does not exceed 200 million years, While the moon is more than 4.5 billion years old.
As for the second hypothesis, it is the capture hypothesis, which remained the strongest until the eighties of the last century. It assumes that the Earth captured the moon when it approached it in the early years of the solar system, forcing it to revolve around it.
It is known that the approach of an object of this size to the planet may have caused its destruction, except that this planet has a very thick atmosphere that extends for a very long distance that slows the movement of the celestial body and forces it to take an orbit around the planet. This is a good hypothesis, but it does not explain the symmetry between the oxygen isotope of Earth and the Moon.
There is a third hypothesis that talks about the emergence of the moon from the same nebulous cloud from which the Earth arose and in the same time period called the accretion hypothesis, but it does not explain the principle of conservation of rotational momentum between the earth and the moon on the one hand, nor does it explain the difference in the percentage of iron present in the interior of the moon and the earth on the one hand. And their inequality on the other hand, especially as it assumes that their upbringing was in the same time period.
Chickslop.. the day the dinosaur went extinct
The impact of meteorites, comets or asteroids on Earth causes damage estimated according to the size of the falling object first, then according to the location of its fall on land or in the sea. The coastal area adjacent to its fall site due to the successive tsunami waves that will be left by the fall of this meteor, comet or asteroid.
But if the diameter of this object reaches ten kilometers or more, it will not destroy only one continent, but will immediately end life on most or all of the earth, because it will completely drown it if it falls into the sea, or wrap it with a thick layer of dust that blocks the sun’s rays for months and perhaps for years, causing it to freeze And the death of most living creatures on it.
The asteroid Chicxlub, which fell on the Yucatan Peninsula in southern Mexico about 66 million years ago (that is, in the Cretaceous period), caused the largest tsunami waves in the history of the Earth. The volcano located at the site in less than one second, and stones and rocks were scattered outside the atmosphere as a result of this explosion, and it was heated to the point of glow upon its return to the earth due to its strong friction with the thick atmosphere, burning the earth and setting fires in the forests. At the same time, it led to the occurrence of huge shock waves that had a significant impact in causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in different parts of the Earth.
The Arizona Meteor Crater in America was caused by a meteorite that fell 50,000 years ago
Sejil stones..a history of collisions
Planet Earth - like the rest of the planets and moons of the solar system - is in danger of colliding with meteors or drifting bodies at any moment. History books and books of the Old Testament and then the Holy Qur’an have recorded for us how God tortured the people of our master Lot, peace be upon him, with stones from the sky. The Noble Qur’an: “And We rained upon them stones of logs” (Al-Hijr, verse 74).
The globe has witnessed in its different eras many of these meteorite strikes, the most famous of which is the Arizona meteorite crater with a diameter of 1200 meters and a depth of 170 meters, and the history of the Arab region witnessed many of these meteorite strikes, the most recent of which was the Wabar Craters in the Empty Quarter. About 400 years ago, a meteorite weighing 3,500 tons collided with the Earth at a speed of 25,000 kilometers per hour. The large crater of it, and a large piece of that meteorite is still preserved in King Saud University in Riyadh. There are craters "Dukhan" and "Kharrara" in the State of Qatar, the crater "Waqf Al-Sawwan" in Jordan, and a number of craters in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt and Mauritania.
But the most recent meteorite craters was formed in 1947 when its meteorite fell on the Sikhote-Alin Mountains in Siberia. It fragmented before hitting the ground, leaving 122 small meteorite craters; Each of them has a diameter of more than half a meter, and one large crater with a diameter of 27 meters, and all of these craters are located within an oval-shaped area of 1.6 square kilometers.
There is a third hypothesis that talks about the emergence of the moon from the same nebulous cloud from which the earth arose
The planet of ice and water..a harmful and beneficial Lord
The planet "The Ya" may have preferred to bring some water with it to Earth, according to a study from the University of Bern in Germany in 2012 that concluded that half of the mass of this planet was water ice, and that the planet collided directly with the Earth and sent down its entire load of water. , and may become part of the atmosphere later.
This theory has support, as most scientists support the hypothesis that water came to Earth from comets that collided with it in the early days of the formation of the solar system, considering that water ice and carbon dioxide ice are components of comets in addition to dust and rocks, and considering that they came from the cloud of comets that It formed on the outskirts of the solar system and is known as the "Oort Cloud".
But scientists do not have a single accurate proof in support of this collision hypothesis other than those chemical investigations that are based on the study of isotopes of elements here and there on both bodies that orbit together for more than 4500 million years. It was found that the oxygen isotopes are identical between the Earth and the Moon, and they are more Isotopes are a fingerprint in distinguishing any of the solar system bodies from others.
Assuming the asteroid that hit the Earth, it also led to shifting its axis from what it was before
How did the earth slow down and tilt?
By accepting the giant collision hypothesis as a strong hypothesis that could one day amount to a theory if its observed evidence increases; There are other results that follow from this hypothesis, such as the speed of the Earth's rotation before and after the collision, and such as the tilt of the angle of its axis, which are the other indications on which it rests.
Astrogeologists estimated that before the collision, the Earth rotated on its axis once
Every four hours, that is, six times or more faster than it is today. But after the emergence of the moon, a new arm arose from the moon and from the distance between it and the earth, which obliged her to slow down the speed of its rotation around itself, and it is a famous phenomenon that we usually see when the skateboarder extends her arms while she rotates around herself and slows down the speed of her rotation, and if she joins them, the speed increases. its rotation. It is a famous physical principle called the principle of "conservation of rotational momentum".
The second important result is the tilt of the Earth's axis, as the collision of the planet "The Ya" led to the tilt of the Earth's axis as it is now, i.e. at an angle of 23.5 degrees. And this result was good for our earth in terms of the emergence of the four seasons and their succession over them, and had it not been for that, the north and south poles would have always remained icy cold to below zero degrees by tens of degrees, and the equator would have always remained very hot as well, and the weather in one region would never have turned. The climate of the globe is fixed, and people are crowded at the middle latitudes, and no one has inhabited the north and the equator.
The two successive tides cause the Earth to slow down and the moon to move away from us little by little.
Between the aging of the earth and the desertion of the moon
With the advancing age of the Earth and the emergence of seas and oceans on its surface, the two successive tidal movements slowed the Earth’s rotation little by little, and thus the moon moved away from us little by little until it reached over the past four billion years to what it is today (384,000 km), and thus the speed of the Earth’s rotation decreased. 24 hours, which is what we call today "Earth Day".
But the amazing thing is that the Earth’s speed and the moon’s distance from it are not constant. With the continuation of the tides, the moon will keep moving away from us until God wills. Its annual rate of departure from the Earth is 3.8 centimeters, which means that it is possible that the moon will escape from the grip of the Earth one day, perhaps. After a few billion years.
Of course, if the moon moves away from the Earth, the total eclipses of the sun - which turn the day into night - come to an end. There are only two types of eclipses: either a partial eclipse that covers part of the sun, or an annular eclipse that shows us a luminous ring of it surrounding the moon; The origin of the cause of the total eclipse is that the diameter of the moon’s disk is 400 times smaller than the sun, but at the same time it is 400 times closer to us than it, so the two ratios are equal to cover the small disk of the moon with that giant sun.
After the moon has moved away from the Earth, the inhabitants of the Earth will not be able to see a total eclipse, but only an annular or partial
The tie.. when the earth and the moon are equal
And one day, because of the moon's farther away and the Earth's rotation slowing down on its axis, it slows down by 2.3 milliseconds every century; The earth will become like the moon in terms of the length of the day and in terms of their facing each other with one face.
Just as the moon faces the earth with its only face due to the symmetry of the period of its rotation around itself with the period of its revolution around the earth, this is what will happen when the length of the earth day becomes 47 days with the same length of the lunar day and its year, and the astronaut standing on the moon will only see one face from the earth, This phenomenon that exists in the solar system and around the stars - as is the case between Pluto and its moon, and some stars and their planets - is known as the phenomenon of "tidal locking", where each body forces the other body to face it with only one face, and they reach rotational equilibrium.
And if this happens after about fifty billion years from now, the speed of the Earth will be stable and will not stop rotating around itself, all assuming that the sun will go within five or six billion years from now and the Earth and Moon system will remain in the solar system after it.
The rising of the sun from the west
The scenario of the rising of the sun from the west is one of the not distant scenarios for the future of the Earth, but at the same time it entails great things and consequences that humans will not bear. In the language of physics, humanity has to wait for much more than these fifty billions in order to expect to see the Earth stop rotating on its axis from west to east, and if it stands, we will wait for it after that for a period that no one knows to reverse the direction of its rotation without a good physical reason, if you do. .
We have to wait that long for the prophecy of the rising of the sun from the west to be fulfilled, which is a purely metaphysical matter that cannot be explained by the laws of physics or its theories, knowing that humanity did not complete on the surface of the earth more than 250 thousand years in the latest theories that explain the appearance of man on it.
Is it reasonable for humanity to live on earth until after the end of the sun or when it becomes a red giant whose flame extends to the ends of the earth with temperatures of a thousand degrees or
?!more
To solve the problem that we faced in the continuation of life on Earth, we say: Isn't the giant collision theory that assumed the formation of the moon? What prevents the sun from rising from the west caused by the impact of a passing asteroid on the western edge of the Earth, and it will reverse the direction of its rotation, and thus the sun will definitely rise from the west.
But wait, how big should this asteroid be that will change the direction of Earth's rotation?
If we go back a bit, we will find that a meteorite with a diameter of only ten kilometers was enough to wipe out life from the earth for millions of years, so isn't the asteroid that will turn the earth's movement hundreds of times more powerful than the dinosaur meteorite? Do you think he will keep anyone of us witnessing the
?rising of the sun from the west or even from the east after that
It is not within the limits of current science to say that the sun and the moon will meet in the face of truth in the life of mankind
Combine the sun and the moon
It is not within the limits of current science to say that the sun and the moon will meet in reality in the lifetime of mankind, and if they do, no one of the people of the earth will see them, because that will not happen before three or four billion years from now when the sun swells into a red giant extending towards the earth, perhaps its time It swallowed the moon, and perhaps the moon escaped from the grip of the earth and the sun caught it. But it is clear from astronomical calculations that no human being will be alive to witness this event.
However, the accepted interpretation of this combination is the meaning that the Arabs knew from the meeting of the two luminaries, namely, the sun and the moon, in what is known as the eclipse of the sun, because the context of the noble verses from Surat Al-Qiyamah talks about the signs of the Day of Resurrection, and he mentioned the eclipse of the moon just before that: And the sun and the moon were combined” (Surat Al-Qiyamah, verses 7-9).
But if the moon was eclipsed for an unknown reason and split into two halves, as in the Almighty’s saying, “The hour has drawn near, and the moon has split” (Surat Al-Qamar, verse 1), then both of these two halves will escape into space, and may meet with the sun after that. But that is from the unseen in which there are no texts, and his knowledge is attributed to God Almighty.
But if we assume that this happened because of an asteroid colliding with the moon in front of us and hearing, then it is better for it to collide with the earth and not with the moon because of its great gravity, and because the possibility of it hitting the moon is weak at that time. For the earth no one will be allowed to see whether the moon will meet the sun in reality after that or not. It remains in the knowledge of the unseen until it is achieved.
Sources:
https://www.quora.com/What-part-of-Earth-did-the-moon-break-off-from https://sites.google.com/site/aalamelolm/home/nshate-alard/aldhr -aljhnmy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis
https://www.space.com/3373-earth-moon-destined-disintegrate.html
https://doc.aljazeera.net/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B0%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87/?fbclid=IwAR3sKBZdGBWa6esfyWmfxaCWrFcNR0XmoDkKU5Bws6-Rf2AaBLvZytyMb64