The origins of some Amazigh scholars and celebrities who have long been attributed to Arabism
Since the entry of Islam into North Africa, the land of the Amazighs, many Amazigh scholars have emerged who wrote in Arabic, excelled in many sciences, and wrote many books on astronomy, mathematics, and language... However, unfortunately, their Amazigh identity is overlooked and is often attributed to the Arabs. Arabism with the stroke of a pen whenever they are mentioned
Ibn Khaldun says: (It is strange that most of the bearers of knowledge in the Islamic religion are non-Arabs, and none of the Arabs hold knowledge, neither in the legal sciences nor in the rational sciences, except in a rare few. And if among them is an Arab in his lineage, then he is a non-Arab in his language, upbringing, and sheikhdom, even though the religion is Arab. The author of its law is an Arab.)
Amazigh celebrities:
- (Abbas Ibn Firnas Ibn Wardas Al-Takarni) is a Amazigh scholar. Ibn Firnas was born in 810 AD in Ronda, Spain, in the year 274 AH (887 AD) in Cordoba. He is famous for being the first to attempt flight and to succeed in a relative way.
In addition to being a poet, musician, mathematician, astronomer, and chemist, discoverer, engineer, designer, and inventor, his experience in the field of engineering helped him design many of his inventions, including gliders...and his inventions include transparent glass, vision correction lenses, the fountain pen, and the water clock and its development. The method of observing astronomy and celestial bodies is no less important than his flying experience, and NASA put his name in one of the moon’s craters in the year 1369 AH.
- (Ibn Ajrum Al-Sanhaji) traces his origins back to the famous Amazigh tribe of Sanhaja, which the Amazigh scholar Ibn Khaldun spoke about. Ajrum is an Amazigh word meaning the poor and the Sufi. Ibn Ajrum was born in Fez in the year 1273 AD - he died in 1323 AD. He was famous for his book Al-
Ajrumiyya, which is considered one of the most important Arabic grammar books...
He is attributed to the Sanhaja tribe in Morocco, and he was nicknamed Ibn Ajrum, which is an Amazigh word meaning the poor Sufi. His grandfather, Daoud, was the first to know this title. He began his studies in his hometown of Fez and received his first lessons in readings, jurisprudence, hadith, speech, interpretation, and other sciences of Sharia and Arabic sciences, from its most famous scholars, and he traveled. He went to Cairo to continue his pursuit of knowledge, and he stayed there for a while and accompanied Abu Hayyan Muhammad bin Yusuf Al-Gharnati, the Andalusian grammarian, and studied the sciences of language and grammar under him and received his leave. He went to Mecca in order to perform Hajj, and he stayed there for some time and devoted himself to writing his introduction to Al-Ajurumiyyah. He returned to Fez after he had become well versed in science, gathering extensive knowledge and delving into the legal sciences. He had become very familiar with them, and he was not limited to one type of them, but rather he encompassed most of them, so attention turned to him, and students gathered around him. Science, He sat to teach and teach grammar and the Qur’an at the Andalusian Neighborhood Mosque.
Ibn Ajrum was famous for his intelligence, acumen, piety, righteousness, and breadth of knowledge. He excelled in readings and the Arabic language and its sciences, and his fame reached the horizons. Scholars praised him and praised his academic standing. His contemporaries described him as a jurist, writer, mathematician, imam in grammar, and skilled in other sciences, including Tajweed and reading the Holy Qur’an. Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali said: “Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Dawud al-Sanhaji is a famous grammarian, the author of the famous introduction to Al-Ajrumiyyah,” and Ibn Maktoum said in his memoirs: “A brilliant grammarian and writer, and he has compilations and reviews on recitations and other things.” Some scholars said about him that he is: “The famous With blessing and righteousness, and the general benefit of his introduction bears witness to this.” Al-Suyuti said: “Commentators of his introduction, such as Al-Makudi, Al-Rai and others, described him as an imamate in grammar, blessing, and righteousness. Its general benefit to beginners is attested to by its introduction
- (Ibn Battuta) is Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Muhammad Al-Lawati Al-Tanji. He belongs to the Amazigh tribe of Luata, a traveler, historian, judge and jurist, nicknamed the Prince of Muslim Travellers.
Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Lawati al-Tanji, known as Ibn Battuta, was born on (February 24, 1304 - 1377 AD in Tangier) (703 - 779 AH) is a traveler and historian A judge from the Amazigh Louata tribe in Al-Aqsa Morocco, nicknamed the Prince of Muslim Travellers. He left Tangier in the year 725 AH and traveled to the Islamic Maghreb, Egypt, Abyssinia, the Levant, Hijaz, Tihama, Najd, Iraq, Persia, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Turkestan, Transoxiana, some of India, China, Java, the lands of the Tatars, Central Africa, and Andalusia. He contacted many kings and princes and praised them - and he composed poetry - and used their gifts in his travels, and he was given the nickname “Ibn Battuta.” It is a title given by the Franks to Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Tanji, and most people followed them.
Ibn Battuta is considered one of the most important travelers. He traveled more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a distance not covered by any solo traveler until the advent of steam transport, 450 years later.
- (Abu Ishaq Al-Ajdabi Al-Tarabulsi) is an Amazigh linguist who is proficient in the Arabic language. He traces his name back to the Amazigh Luwata tribe, which is concentrated in Cyrenaica, Masalata, and central Libya. He is the author of the book “Kifayat Al-Mutahafiz wa Nihayat Al-Mutalafiq” (a linguistic book on the vocabulary of the Arabic language).
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ismail bin Ahmed bin Abdullah Al-Lawati Al-Ajdabi of Tripoli. A Amazigh linguist who is proficient in the Arabic language. He traces his name back to the Amazigh tribe of Louata, which is concentrated in Cyrenaica, Masalata, and central Libya. He became prominent in many fields, such as: Islamic jurisprudence, theology, Arabic language, and astronomy. He lived all his life in Tripoli and died and was buried there after 1077 AD. He studied with the Tripoli scholars of his time, and was famous for his request to meet the scholars who came to Tripoli or passed through it coming from the East or from the West, and to acquire knowledge from them. When he was asked about how he acquired all this knowledge that he had acquired, he answered, “I acquired the knowledge from Hawara and Zanata,” pointing out. The name of the two main gates of the city of Tripoli.
His writings
• The sufficiency of the discreet and the purpose of the discreet.
• Great offers.
• Small offers.
• Explanation of the final nouns with a stressed yā’.
• A summary of genealogy.
• Summary of the lineage of Quraysh.
• Times and circumstances.
• A response to Abu Hafs bin Makki on educating the tongue
- (Ibn Rushd) Amazigh , born in Malaga, Andalusia, 1126 AD - died in Marrakesh, Morocco, 1198 AD. A philosopher, doctor, jurist, judge, astronomer, and physicist, he was accused of disbelief and atheism.
Ibn Rushd is Abu Al-Walid Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Ahmed bin Rushd (the grandson), a scholar and philosopher of Amazigh origin. He was born in Malaga, Andalusia, 1126 AD - he died in Marrakesh, Morocco, 1198 AD. He was famous as a philosopher, doctor, jurist, judge, astronomer, and physicist. He was accused of disbelief and atheism. His books were burned because he relied on reason and philosophical deduction in his writings, which was something that the jurists of his time opposed, which prompted them to burn his philosophical books.
The upbringing of Ibn Rushd: Ibn Rushd grew up in a prominent family in Andalusia that practiced jurisprudential leadership and fatwa, as his grandfather, known as Ibn Rushd, was the grandfather of the Maliki sheikh, the imam of the Mosque of Cordoba, and the judge of the community. He was one of the senior advisors to the princes of the Almoravid state, and his father, Abu al-Qasim Ahmad ibn Abi al-Walid, was a jurist at the Mosque of Cordoba and a judge. He had an explanation of Sunan al-Nasa’i and an interpretation of the Qur’an in travel.
The education of Ibn Rushd: Ibn Rushd, the grandson, studied at the hands of the jurist and hafiz Abu Muhammad bin Rizq, and memorized the book Al-Muwatta’ by Imam Malik at the hands of his father, and he also studied at the hands of many jurists. Among the most prominent of them: Abu Jaafar bin Abdul Aziz, who allowed him to issue fatwas in jurisprudence, and in philosophy, Ibn Rushd was influenced by Ibn Lajja, and he was a friend of Ibn Tufayl.
Ibn Rushd's service at court: Ibn Rushd took over the judiciary in Seville, then in Cordoba in the year 1169 AD, and when Ibn Tufayl resigned from Tababa, he suggested that Ibn Rushd be his successor in his position, then the Almohad Caliph Abu Yaqub summoned him to Markash and appointed him as his physician and judge in Cordoba. He also used him to carry out many official tasks, which contributed to his movement throughout Morocco. After the death of Abu Ya'qub, Ibn Rushd's status increased during the reign of his son Al-Mansur Al-Mawhidi. Which prompted some opponents and scholars of Andalusia to plot against him and accuse him of atheism and infidelity. The prince ordered him to be exiled to the village of Al-Yasana, burned his books, and issued a decree forbidding Muslims from reading any books of philosophy or paying attention to them. After the prince confirmed the falsehood of the lies, he summoned Ibn Rushd, pardoned him, and appointed him. As one of the greatest statesmen.
Ibn Rushd's works: Ibn Rushd has many works in four sections: They are: philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence, and linguistic literature. He also specialized in explaining the Aristotelian heritage. Jamal al-Din al-Alawi counted 108 works, 58 of which were in their Arabic text, and among his most important books are:
-Aristotle
-Incoherence, incoherence
-Explanation of Arjuza Ibn Sina
-The Collectives of Plato's Politics
-The beginning of the diligent and the end of the thrifty
Revealing the methods of evidence in the doctrines of the sect
- (Abu Sakin Amer bin Ali bin Amer bin Ysfaw Al-Shamakhi) Amazigh, born in Atoghasro Bevern in the year 1200 AD? - He died in the year 1279 AD, one of the most famous scholars of Libya.
An Amazigh, he was born in Atoghasro Bevern in the year 1279 AD. He died in the year 1369 AD. He was one of the famous scholars of Libya. Sheikh Amer was described as forbearing, dignified, and lacking in harshness. It was said that despite his age, his mind did not diminish. He has a shrine in the village of Atogasro Beverne.
His upbringing: Sheikh Amer grew up in an honorable family, ancient in religion and high morals. His father was famous for his righteousness and answering prayers. He was feared by all who disagreed and agreed. He used to attack convoys of thieves and warriors, and if they saw him without anyone else, they would return with fear. It is narrated that his father sent him to graze a cow, and some Bedouins passed by him and found him holding the rein of his cow. He said, “Why did you catch her without the children?” He said, “For fear that it would overwhelm people’s crops.” He came to his father and said, “Your son is fit for learning and reading, not for herding cows.”
His writings:
1- The Book of Clarification, which is considered a clear jurisprudential encyclopedia, in which it dealt with the jurisprudence of worship, morals, and transactions. Al-Badr says about him: “He wrote his poetry collection in the tenth of the thirtieth after the death of our uncle Isa and before the death of our uncle Abu Aziz, but he did not complete it for a reason that came before him. The first book on prayer is an independent book.” The second is about zakat, fasting, Hajj, vows, faith, and rights, and it is a huge book. The third is about sales, division, and mortgages, an independent book, and the fourth is about wills and gifts. Then he refrained from completing jurisprudence, and this book, I don’t think, was written in the doctrine like it in collection, explanation, and brevity. Zakaria ibn al-Khair
3-The Diwan, the Diwan of Sheikhs
4-A doctrine composed by our uncle Nuh bin Hazim
5Not obtrusive and long, not boring or repetitive.”
2- My father’s collection - a poem about the times
- (Ibn Manzur al-Ifriqi) was an Berber, born in Tripoli, Libya, in the year 1232 AD. He died in Cairo in the year 1311 AD. He assumed the judiciary in Tripoli and wrote the book Lisan al-Arab.
He is an Amazigh writer, historian, and scholar, attributed with the stroke of a pen to the Arabs in Islamic jurisprudence and the Arabic language. One of his most famous books is the Dictionary of Lisan al-Arab. He is Muhammad bin Makram bin Ali Abu al-Fadl Jamal al-Din Ibn Manzur al-Ansari. He was born in the month of Muharram in the year (630 AH/1232 AD), in Tripoli, Libya. He is considered a descendant of Ruwaifa bin Thabit Al-Ansari. He studied under Abd al-Rahman bin al-Tufayl, Murtada bin Hatem, Yusuf al-Mukhaili, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin al-Muqayr al-Baghdadi, and the scholar al-Sabouni. He served in the Court of Construction in Cairo, then became judge in Tripoli. He became blind in the last years of his life and died in Egypt in the month of Shaban in the year (711 AH / 1311 AD).
His most important works:
Lisan al-Arab language dictionary.
Mukhtar al-Aghani, a summary of Kitab al-Aghani by al-Isfahani.
A brief history of Baghdad by Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi in ten volumes.
A brief history of Damascus by Ibn Asakir.
Summary of Ibn al-Bitar’s vocabulary.
Summary of the unique contract by Ibn Abd Rabbo.
Summary of Zahr al-Adab for the exclusive.
Abbreviation of the animal by Al-Jahiz.
A summary of “The Orphan of Eternity” by Al-Tha’alabi.
Summary of the lecture by Al-Tanukhi.
Ammunition brief.
Abu Nawas News.
Yahya bin Yahya bin Kathir bin Waslas bin Shamlal bin Mangaya was born in the year 152 AH. He belongs to the Masmuda Amazighs by lineage, and to the Banu Al-Layth by loyalty. Many of his grandfathers entered Andalusia. He took the narration of Al-Muwatta in Andalusia on the authority of Ziyad bin Abdul Rahman Al-Lakhmi, known as Shabtoun. He was the first to introduce the doctrine of Malik to Andalusia, and he heard from Yahya bin Mudar Al-Qaisi. Then he traveled to the East when he was 28 years old, so he heard Al-Muwatta from Malik and accompanied him, then he heard from Al-Layth bin Saad. In Egypt, and from Sufyan bin Uyaynah in Mecca, and from Abdul Rahman bin Al-Qasim Al-Atqi and Abdullah bin Wahb.
- (Muhammad bin Saeed bin Hammad Al-Sanhaji Al-Busiri), a poet of Sunhaji, famous for his prophetic praises. His most famous papyrus work is called “Al-Kawkab Al-Duryya fi Praise of the Best of the Wild.” Al-Busiri was born in the city of Dels, Boumerdes Province, Algeria, March 7, 1213 - 1295. He has a family whose roots go back to the Sanhaja tribe, one of the largest Amazigh tribes spread across North Africa. He also has origins in the region of the Hammadi state, one of the branches of the Sanhaja tribe. Then he moved with his father to Egypt, Cairo, where he continued to study Arabic and literature.
It was mentioned that Al-Busiri was born in the village of Dalas (Duls) in Algeria on (the first of Shawwal 608 AH = March 7, 1213 AD), and it was said that he was born to a family whose roots go back to the Sanhaja tribe, one of the largest Amazigh tribes spread throughout the Maghreb.
Al-Busiri received knowledge from an early age. He memorized the Qur’an in his childhood, and was taught by a number of notables of his time, just as a large number of well-known scholars were taught by him, including: Atheer al-Din Muhammad bin Yusuf, known as Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi, and Fath al-Din Abu al-Fath Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Amri al-Andalusi al-Andalusi, known as Ibn Master of people, and others.
- (Yahya bin Abdul Muti bin Abdul Nour Al-Zawawi) is an Amazigh, born in the Zawaoua region, eastern Algeria, currently in the Bejaia phenomenon, in the year 564 AH. The scholar is considered the sheikh of grammar. He was the first to write about grammar through poetic systems, with his book Al-Durar Al-Malifiya. He also has many, many works and books in various scientific genres, and Imam Al-Dhahabi described him as follows: “The scholar, the sheikh of grammar, Zain al-Din Abu al-Hussein Yahya bin Abd al-Mu’ti bin Abd al-Nour al-Zawawi, the Moroccan grammarian, jurist, Hanafi, born in the year five hundred and sixty-four, and he heard from al-Qasim bin Asakir, and he classified the millennium.” And the chapters, and he has verses and prose, and imams graduated from him in Egypt and Damascus.”
His writings and effects
The Millennium in Grammar: It is a system that combined the science of grammar and morphology from two fields: the rapid and the rajaz. He called it “the millennium,” as it was investigated and explained by Dr. Ali Musa Al-Shumali. Ibn Muti began composing it in the year 593 AH and completed it in the year 595 AH, and Imam Muhammad imitated it in its style. Ibn Abdullah Ibn Malik, who died in the year 672 AH, a landmark in grammar and language. In his composition of his famous millennium system of grammar, “The Millennium of Ibn Malik,” Al-Muqri said:
“Ibn Muti followed in it. They said: His composition was ‘Gather and playful’, and Ibn Muti’s composition was smoother and fresher.”
Book of Chapters: It is a good book, and it contains comments on the chapters of al-Jazuliyyah, examples of its issues, and other miscellaneous issues in the chapters of Arabic.
Explanation of the introduction to Al-Jazouli: by Sheikh Al-Jazouli in grammar.
Al-Badi' fi Ilm Al-Badi': A System on Rhetoric and Poetry. It included fifty-one wonderful scholars.
Explanation of sentences in grammar by Al-Zajjaji
Book of Al-Jumhara by Ibn Duraid
Triangle in grammar
Explanation of the verses of Sibawayh - (Nazm).
Footnotes: On the principles of Ibn al-Sarraj in grammar
A collection of sermons
collection of poems
Contracts and laws in grammar
Poem in presentations
Arjouza in the seven readings
He composed the book Al-Sihah by Al-Jawhari: He died before completing it
Chapters Fifty
And other books and works.
- (Muhammad bin Ahmed Aknesus) is a Amazigh historian, born in Morocco in the Sussian tribe of Edaknesus in 1796 AD. He is considered one of the most important historians of the Alawite state.
He was born among the Edaw Aknesos tribe in the country of Souss, and moved to Fez to continue his studies at the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque when he was eighteen years old. He moved between lesson sessions and led the gatherings of prominent scholars. He combined the sciences of Sharia, linguistics, and history, which created a great resource for him for the future. In Al-Qarawiyyin, he met Muhammad bin Idris, who would later become a writer, minister, and chamberlain of Mawla Abd al-Rahman.
He worked as a clerk in the Diwan al-Makhzani and in 1236 AH/1820 AD he rose to the rank of minister. Sultan Moulay Suleiman brought him close and assigned him several tasks in Tetouan, Salé, and the Grand Palace, the goal of which was to put an end to the revolutions and strife that broke out during his reign. Upon the death of Mawla Suleiman, he was removed from the ministry. He moved to Marrakesh, where he devoted himself to worship, Sufism, and writing in the field of history and poetry. He became one of the sheikhs of the Tijaniya order. He lived a long life and became blind at the end of his life. He died in Marrakesh and was buried outside the Lord’s door.
Among his writings:
Vermilion suits in answers to spectral questions
Hossam Al-Intisar in the Ministry of Bani Ashreen Al-Ansar
Khamayel Al-Ward and Al-Nasreen in the Ministry of Bani Ishreen
He wrote a book of his own about the virtues of the Moroccan jurist Al-Hajjuji, entitled: Joy of Souls, mentioning some of the virtues of Sidi Muhammad bin Ahmed Aknesus.
- (Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zayani) Amazigh historian, born in Fez, Morocco, 1734 - 1833 AD.
Minister and historian of the Alawite state. He traveled extensively and visited many regions, such as Turkey, Egypt, Syria, and the southern coasts of Europe, collecting world news and sciences. He was able to write fifteen large works. His geographical fame is due to his book on travel literature, Al-Tarjumanah Al-Kubra, in which he collected world news and sciences
The translation narrates the news of three trips made by Abu al-Qasim: the first was to the Hijaz and Egypt, 1755-1758, the second was to Constantinople on a trip for the King of Morocco in the year 1786, and the third was to the Levant in the year 1792. The following books have been produced:
The close translator for the countries of the Levant and the Maghreb.
The Great Translation.
The beautiful garden in the state of Ould Moulay Ali Cherif.
Al-Ghiyath Al-Suluk in the Deaths of Kings. (He explained this millennium in a number of Islamic countries during his visit to them).
The ultimate pearl in responding to heretics and heretics.
The first singer in raising the lineage of honorable Moroccans.
A lesson in behavior as kings should.
A clever journey to the sights of the horizons (in geography)
Rubies, pearls, and coral in remembrance of the kings and sheikhs of Mawla Solomon
Revealing the secrets in responding to the evil heretics
Sipping fever in semiology and the invalidity of chemistry.
Advice to the diaspora regarding the invalidity of the plan for the diaspora.
The crown and the wreath as the venerable Sultan pleased
The masterpiece of the prophets in distinguishing between jurists and fools.
Explaining the situation and the complaint to the Almighty Almighty (system).
The history of the praiseworthy state, the beginning and the end (in introducing Mawla Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham). The story of the immigrants known as Fez.
Rawda Sulaymaniyah among the kings of the Alawite state and its predecessors among the Islamic countries.
The fasian maqamat..
Ibn al-Bitar, an Amazigh, was born in Malaga, Andalusia, in the year 1197 AD and died in the year 1248 AD. He was an expert in botany and pharmacy, and the greatest botanist to appear in the Middle Ages, and he made great contributions to the fields of pharmacy and medicine.
Ibn al-Bitar traveled to Greece and the farthest lands of the Romans. He also met in Morocco and elsewhere with many eminent people in the science of botany, and inspected his homeland, searching for herbs and those who knew them, until the proof was in knowing the types of plants, their investigation, their characteristics, their names, and their places.
He contacted the entire Ayyubid, Muhammad bin Abi Bakr, and made him the chief herbalist in Egypt, as Ibn Abi Usaibah says. When Al-Kamil died, his son, Al-Malik Al-Sahib Ayyub, retained him, gained favor with him, and attained great fame
Ibn al-Bitar discovered about two hundred types of medicinal plants that were not known before him. He wrote his encyclopedia, “The Complete Vocabulary of Foods and Drugs.” They are arranged alphabetically, mentioning the medicine, its benefits, and methods of use. He listed more than one thousand and four hundred properties. The book was translated into three languages: German, Latin, and French. Diya al-Din bin al-Bitar has other books, such as:
• The book “Explaining and Informing” about the flaws and illusions in the curriculum.
• Explanation of medicines in Dioscorides’ book.
• Al-Jami’ book on individual medicines. He investigated the mention of individual medicines, their names, their interpretation, their powers and benefits, and explained the correct ones and those in which there was suspicion. There was no better or better book on individual medicines, as he compiled it for Al-Malik Al-Salih Najm Al-Din Ayyub ibn Al-Malik Al-Kamil.
• Al-Mughni’s book on individual medicines, which is arranged according to the treatment of painful organs, is in two volumes, and is known as “Ibn al-Bitar’s Mufradat.”
• The book of strange actions and wondrous properties.
• Doctor's scale
Ibn al-Jazzar of Kairouan (Amazigh)
He is the doctor Abu Jaafar Ahmed bin Ibrahim Abi Khaled Al-Qayrawani, known as Ibn Al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani. He is the first Muslim doctor to write about various medical specialties, such as pediatrics and geriatrics. He was born in the city of Kairouan in Tunisia around the year 285 AH/898 AD to a family whose members were famous for medicine, and he died there in the year 369 AH/979 AD, and it was said that he died in 400 AH/1010 AD.
His fame reached Andalusia and the northern basin of the Mediterranean. Andalusian students used to flock to Kairouan to obtain medicine from him. Both Sa’id Al-Andalusi and Ibn Abi Usaibah translated for him, and his works were transferred to the universities of Salerno and Montpellier.
Ibn Al-Jazzar amended the general medical laws and fixed the names of plants in three languages: Arabic, Greek, and Berber (Amazigh). He also emphasized a rule that is still in effect: “Every sick person is treated with the medicines of his land, because nature is afraid of its people.”
The book “The Traveler’s Increase and the Sustenance of the Present” by Ibn Al-Jazzar is considered a book of tremendous medical value, and colleges and universities still benefit from its opinions to this day.
The sciences of Ibn al-Jazzar were relied upon in the Arab East and were discussed by many practitioners of the medical profession. They also spread to Andalusia. It is noteworthy that these bold medical opinions invaded Europe in the tenth century AD, following Constantine the African’s transfer of Ibn al-Jazzar’s books, and Napoleon Bonaparte also carried He had with him Ibn al-Jazzar’s book (The Traveler’s Provision and the Present Sustenance), during the French campaign against Egypt.
Ibn Al-Jazzar was quiet and did not attend funerals or weddings and did not participate in celebrations. He had great respect for himself. He avoided settlement, so he did not attend the courts and was not a member of the ruling system, so he used the jurists as an example in that era....
(Explorer Stefanico Azemmour) was born in 1503 AD in the city of Azemmour, Morocco, ten years before the Portuguese colonization of Azemmour. He was called by several names, including (Esteban El Moro, Stephen Moore, Little Stephen, Stephen the Black, Estebanico). He is recorded as the first Berber, African, and black to arrive in America in the year 1527 AD.
Said Ben Haddou, also known as Mustafa Zemmouri, before his name became Esteban, or Estebanico... Ben Haddou is known today as the first Moroccan to set foot in the United States of America. In a unique story, history recorded this man as a hero.
- (Abi Ishaq Al-Sanhaji)
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ismail bin Ahmed bin Abdullah Al-Lawati Al-Ajdabi of Tripoli. A Amazigh linguist who is proficient in the Arabic language. He traces his name back to the Amazigh tribe of Louata, which is concentrated in Cyrenaica, Masalata, and central Libya. He became prominent in many fields, such as: Islamic jurisprudence, theology, Arabic language, and astronomy. He lived all his life in Tripoli and died and was buried there after 1077 AD. He studied with the Tripoli scholars of his time, and was famous for his request to meet the scholars who came to Tripoli or passed through it coming from the East or from the West, and to acquire knowledge from them. When he was asked about how he acquired all this knowledge that he had acquired, he answered, “I acquired the knowledge from Hawara and Zanata,” pointing out. The name of the two main gates of the city of Tripoli.
His writings
• The sufficiency of the discreet and the purpose of the discreet.
• Great offers.
• Small offers.
• Explanation of the final nouns with a stressed yā’.
• A summary of genealogy.
• Summary of the lineage of Quraysh.
• Times and circumstances.
• A response to Abu Hafs bin Makki on educating the tongue
- (Ibn Makhlouf Al-Sijilmasi Al-Falaki)
Ibn Makhlouf Al-Sijilmasi, the astronomer, of Amazigh origin. He worked in ancient astronomy and was one of the professors of the mathematician and historian Ibn Al-Banna Al-Marrakshi, whose work in mathematics earned him great fame among his contemporaries.
- (Muhammad Al-Mukhtar Al-Susi) is the zealous, resistant, and patient patriot, the working professor, Muhammad Al-Mukhtar Ibn Ali Bin Ahmed Al-Susi, the abolitionist Al-Darqawi, nicknamed God willing.
He was born in "Elg", a village in the Tazroualt district in the far south of the Soussi country in southern Morocco, in the month of Safar 1318 AH, corresponding to the month of May 1900 AD, and he grew up there. Al-Mukhtar Soussi is considered a prominent figure illustrious in the fields of science, literature, history, research, study, benefit and benefit. He participated in many arts of knowledge and died on November 15, 1963 AD
Among his works:
It is divided into four parts.
From the mouths of men.
Men of Arab Sciences in Souss.
The purest resources.
Between stagnation and fluidity, which is a novel based on Islamic ideas.
Restrictions on Al-Kashshaf’s interpretation of Al-Zamakhshari.
The life of the scholar Ashraf Emmonen.
The honeydew is divided into twenty parts.
Sous the scientist..
The son of the Marrakesh builder
An Amazigh historian whose full name is Abu Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Azdi, known as Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakshi (654 AH - 721 AH / 1256 - 1321 AD), a Moroccan scientist who particularly distinguished himself in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. He spent most of his life in Marrakesh, and was a contemporary of the Marinid state. Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakshi founded an important scientific school in Morocco, which for centuries devoted his works to teaching, explaining, and circulating them in various universities around the world. He recently gave his name to a volcanic crater on the surface of the moon.
. He was born in the city of Marrakesh and was known as Ibn al-Banna, named after his grandfather, who was a professional builder. He spent most of his life in his hometown of Marrakesh, and thus he was attributed to it. There he studied grammar, hadith, and jurisprudence. Then he went to Fez and studied medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. One of his teachers was Ibn Makhlouf al-Sijilmasi al-Falaki in Fez. He received mathematics from his teacher, Ibn Hajla, and his genius appeared at an early age. He devoted his life to learning mathematics, including arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. .
His work in mathematics earned him great fame among his contemporaries. He gained favor at the court of the Beni Marin state in Fez, so they would summon him to give lessons in arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. He was also famous for relying on the Indian numbers known as Ghubariyya and the Andalusian numbers known as Arabic. He was also famous for the applied aspects of arithmetic and music.
Among Ibn al-Banna's contributions to arithmetic is that he clarified difficult theories and difficult rules, did extensive research on fractions, established rules for adding squares and cubes of numbers, the two-error rule for solving first-degree equations, and arithmetic work, and introduced some modifications to the method known as the "one-error method" and put that into practice. Form of law.
It was stated in the Islamic Encyclopedia that Ibn al-Banna surpassed previous Islamic scholars in the East in mathematics, especially in calculating fractions
Ibn Khaldun: Abu Zayd Wali al-Din Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin al-Hasan bin Muhammad bin Jabir bin Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami al-Ishbili, known for short as “Ibn Khaldun”
Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunisia in the year 732 AH, corresponding to the year 1332 AD, to an Andalusian family that had emigrated to Africa in the seventh century AH.
There has been a great controversy regarding the lineage of Ibn Khaldun. The Arabs attribute him to them, and their only evidence is that he indicated in his book that he was from Hadhramaut. However, Tunisian Sousse was also called Hadhramaut.
According to my personal opinion, I think that this word is obsolete because it does not match his statements. Because he later indicated in the same introduction that he belongs to the Amazigh, and in his introduction he denounced the Arabs and described them with all the hideous characteristics. There is no need to mention them so that I will not be accused of racism. He also explained that no Arab scholars have emerged, and he is one of the most senior scholars, and I cannot write the statement to avoid insulting him. As for what he said, The famous “If you Arab, you are ruined” is the biggest evidence that he is from an Amazigh family, and you should refer to Taha Hussein, as he explained the subject in detail in his book. As for the name Khaldoun, it is the same famous Amazigh name that is widely spread in the Jaldoun group. Since he was born in Andalusia, we know very well that in that part of the world they pronounce the “jim kha”.”
We can notice that there is a similarity between the name Khaldoun and an old Amazigh name, “Gildo,” or Gildon. This name was widespread among the Amazigh aristocracy, and history has preserved for us an Amazigh leader named Gildon who resisted the Roman occupation in 396 AD.
Taha Hussien:
Professor Taha Hussein, in his book “The Social Philosophy of Ibn Khaldun” (translated into Arabic: Muhammad Abdullah Annan), addresses Ibn Khaldun’s lineage at the beginning of the book. He mentions that Ibn Khaldun himself doubted the lineage he mentioned, as he saw that the period during which his first grandfather resided in Andalusia It must cover the double of the chain he mentioned, so that he literally says, “I do not remember anyone related to Khaldun other than these ten, and it is most likely that they are more and that a number similar to them fell.” Because this Khaldun was the one who entered Andalusia, and if it was the beginning of the conquest, then the duration of this era was seven hundred years, so they would be approximately twenty, three for every hundred, as mentioned at the beginning of the first book.” Taha Hussein, in turn, adds, “And if the author doubts the validity of that lineage, then it is better for us to doubt it.” Khaldoun's first affiliation with Wael.
Translator of Taha Hussein’s book: Muhammad Abdullah Annan
This historian is considered skeptical about Ibn Khaldun’s Arab origin and considers him Amazigh, as he said, “He - that is, Ibn Khaldun - actually belongs to that Amazigh people whose country the Arabs conquered after violent resistance and imposed their religion and language on them, and who was forced, after a long struggle, resistance and rebellion, to finally integrate into the bloc.” Islam, and to submit unwillingly to the leadership of the Arabs in Africa and Spain until the opportunity comes for his liberation and advancement.
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