.....Venus
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Venus is the second planet in the solar system. It is a terrestrial planet similar to Earth in terms of size and composition. Venus is closer to the sun than Earth, and is about 108 million km away from it.
Venus is the second planet in the solar system. It is a terrestrial planet like Mercury and Mars. It is similar to Earth in size and composition. It is called by this name because of its brightness and visibility from Earth due to the reflection of a large amount of sunlight due to the density of its atmosphere. Venus is closer to the sun than Earth, as it orbits the sun at a distance of about 108 million kilometers, while Earth orbits at a distance of 150 million kilometers from the sun. Therefore, it is seen in the same direction as the sun. Therefore, it is possible to see it from the surface of the Earth before sunrise or shortly after sunset. Therefore, it is sometimes called the morning star or the evening star. When it appears during that period, it is the brightest luminous body in the sky. The location of Venus is characterized by the phenomenon of transit, when each of them passes between the sun and the Earth and is in the middle of them. The transit of Venus was observed in 2012, and the previous transit was in 2004.
Venus is extremely hot and dry. It is surrounded by a thick layer of clouds and has a massive atmosphere , or layers of gases, surrounding it. These layers are composed mainly of carbon dioxide. This thick atmosphere traps heat, making Venus the hottest planet in the solar system. The constant cloud cover also makes it a difficult planet to study. Not much was known about its surface and atmosphere until the 1960s, when astronomers made the first radar observations of Venus and unmanned spacecraft began visiting it.
Venus is the only planet in the solar system whose day is longer than its year, as it takes about 225 Earth days to revolve around the Sun, while it takes about 243 Earth days to rotate around its axis.
Although Mercury is the closest to the sun, Venus is the hottest of the planets in our system, as the temperature on its surface reaches about 465 degrees Celsius (870 degrees Fahrenheit) due to the intense greenhouse effect resulting from its dense atmosphere consisting of Carbon Dioxide
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Physical properties of Venus
The orbit of Venus lies between the orbits of Mercury and Earth. These planets are known as terrestrial planets or Earth-like planets. They are all rocky, fairly dense, and have solid surfaces. Venus has no known moon.
Venus is the third smallest planet in the solar system after Mercury and Mars. It is a planet similar to Earth in size, mass and density. Its diameter is about 12,104 km compared to about 12,756 km for Earth. Its mass is about 80% of Earth's mass and its density is about 95% of Earth's mass. The surface gravity of both planets has the same strength.
Orbit and rotation of the planet Venus
All the planets of the solar system revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, and the orbit of Venus is the most circular of all the planets and revolves around the sun at an average distance of about 108 million kilometers, which is about 30% closer to the sun than the Earth's orbit, and Venus is located at a distance of about 257 million kilometers, and Venus completes one orbit every 225 Earth days, which is the length of one year on the planet Venus. Venus rotates on its axis very slowly and completes one rotation every 243 Earth days, and it is the only planet in the solar system that takes longer to rotate on its axis and longer to revolve once around the sun.
Because of its slow rotation, Venus is more spherical than Earth and most other planets. The force of a planet's rotation generally causes some bulging at the equator and flattening at the poles, while these distortions are less on Venus. Venus also rotates retrogradely, or in the opposite direction to most other planets in the Solar System. Six of the planets rotate clockwise, while only Venus and Uranus rotate counterclockwise. To an observer on Venus, the Sun appears to rise in the west and set in the east. Venus's axis of rotation is tilted only about 3 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit, meaning that seasonal variations on the planet are very slight.
Atmosphere, interior and climate
Venus is the most massive of the four non-gaseous planets (Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury). The pressure on the planet's surface is about 95 bars. It consists of more than 96% carbon dioxide and about 3.5% molecular nitrogen with only trace amounts of other gases. Venus is permanently covered by a very thick cloud layer consisting of microscopic particles of sulfur dioxide droplets. The clouds may also contain solid crystals, and some areas above the cloud appear dark in ultraviolet light, which may indicate the presence of sulfur dioxide, chlorine, or solid sulfur. Although Venus rotates slowly (once every 243 days), its atmosphere rotates incredibly quickly at cloud level, completing a complete rotation every four Earth days. Although Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth, it absorbs less light due to the density of the clouds, which allows only a little light to pass through.
Venus is extremely hot, with an average temperature of about 867 degrees Fahrenheit (464 degrees Celsius), hot enough to melt lead. Rocks on Venus glow a faint red from the heat. Venus has a dry, rocky surface. Images taken by the rovers reveal plains filled with flat, wet rocks, dark soil, and fine grains. Radar maps reveal a diverse and geologically complex surface terrain. Most of the planet consists of rolling plains, but there are also many lowlands and large uplands.

Venus is similar to Earth in density and size. Planetary scientists assume that the interior of Venus is roughly Earth-like, with a metallic core, a rocky mantle, and an outer crust. The crust makes up the bulk of the planet, with gravity data indicating that the crust is about 20–50 kilometers thick and contains a lot of basalt. Movements within Venus are thought to have deformed the crust.



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