Alexander the Great (Macedonian) was the greatest conqueror in history
A Journey Through Time (Thebes Who Ruled the World) Publication No. (50) from the history of ancient Egypt
Alexander the Great (Macedonian), the greatest conqueror in history, and his relationship with Dhul-Qarnayn (336) BC.
He is Alexander the Great, conqueror of the Persian Empire and one of the smartest and greatest military leaders of all time. He was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. His father was Philip II, King of Macedonia, and his mother was Olympias, Princess of Epirus. He studied philosophy with the philosopher Aristotle. He trained him comprehensively in the arts of rhetoric and literature, and paid attention to science, medicine, and philosophy. In the summer of 336 BC, King Philip was assassinated, and his son Alexander ascended to the throne. He found himself surrounded by enemies around him on every side and threatened by rebellion and disobedience from the outside.
He began getting rid of the conspirators and his internal enemies by sentencing them to death. Then he moved to Thessaly and regained rule over Macedonia. He re-established his position in Greece when Congress chose him. He accompanied his father on his conquests and they were planning a campaign against the Persians. After the death of his father, he undertook a successful campaign and crushed all those who were threatening his security from the rebels inside and worked to unite them under his banner. .,
Alexander began his war against the Persians in the spring of 334 BC with an army numbering 35,000 Macedonians and officers, including Antiguas I, Ptolemy I, and Seleucus I. At the Granius River near the ancient city of Troy, he met an army of Persians and inflicted a terrible defeat on the Persian army, in which the Macedonian army lost 110%. A fighter.
After this fierce war, Alexander became in control of all the states of Asia. He continued his advance south and faced the first Persian army, led by King Darius III, in Issus, northeastern Syria in 333 BC. It ended with a great victory for Alexander and a terrible defeat for Darius. Darius fled north, leaving his mother and his wife. And his children, Alexander treated them well, close to the treatment of kings, according to what the narratives tell. He conquered the city of Tire after a seven-month siege in the year, occupied Gaza, then headed to Egypt, where the residents received him as a savior, and with this success he secured control of the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. In 332 BC, at the head of the Nile River, he founded the now known city of Alexandria, which became the scientific, literary and commercial capital of Greek culture.
In the spring of 331 BC, Alexander made a pilgrimage to the great temple of the oracle of the sun gods (Amun), who is (Zeus) in the Greeks. He made himself the son of the god due to his belief that his origins were divine. He rearranged his forces in Tire, crossing the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and met Darius with an army of approximately One million fighters, and this number is exaggerated in ancient writings. He was able to overcome this army and defeat it crushingly in the Battle of Caucamilla in October 331 BC. Darius fled again, as he had done at Assius.
As for Darius, his guards killed him when he was on his way to the city of Hamadan, fleeing from Alexander’s armies that were pursuing him. The city of Babylon in Mesopotamia was besieged after the Battle of Caucamilla and the city of Susa, which had enormous treasures, was occupied. After that, in the middle of winter, Alexander headed to Persepolis, the capital of the Persians. He occupied it, plundered the royal wealth, took the spoils, and then burned the city during a drinking party.
With this victory, Alexander's control extended beyond the southern shores of the Caspian Sea to Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and north from Bactria and Sogidia, west of Turkestan, which is known as Central Asia. Alexander's campaign lasted 3 years, from the spring of 337 BC to the spring of 330 BC. He conquered these multiple kingdoms.
By completing his control over the remnants of the Persian Empire, he reached part of western India, crossing the Indus River in 326 BC, thus occupying the Indian Punjab.
At this stage, the Macedonians became tired and revolted against him, refusing to continue with him. He undertook to build another army, then sailed to the Arabian Gulf, then returned by land through the Media desert, and due to the lack of food and drink, he lost a number of his forces there.
He went ahead with his plans and took control of the Arabian Gulf region to prepare for a possible attack. Alexander arrived in Babylon in the spring of 323 BC, and in the month of July he contracted a severe fever, as a result of which he died in Nebuchadnezzar’s palace, leaving behind a great and vast empire and causing severe conflicts among his officers. Alexander was one of the greatest generals of all time, as he was a brilliant tactician and commander of forces. A genius, as evidenced by his ability to occupy all those large spaces for a short period. He was brave and generous, but he was tough and tough in politics. He was addicted to alcohol. It is said that he killed his closest friend Cletus during a drinking party, but after that he greatly regretted what he had done to his friendly friend. Historians described Alexander as a wise man who sought to build a rule based on brotherhood by merging the East with the West into one empire.
He trained thousands of young Persians in Macedonia and appointed them to his army. He personally adopted Persian customs and traditions, so he married Oriental women, including Roxana, Darius’s niece. She gave birth to his only son, Alexander IV, and was pregnant with him when Alexander died. He encouraged his army officers and soldiers to marry Persian women.
The most important thing he accomplished after his entry into Egypt was the founding of the city of Alexandria and radically changing its features, as it was an important strategic place on the Mediterranean Sea, and then militarily and commercially. It also enjoyed an abundance of water on the Nile, where merchants, students of knowledge, scholars, and all groups flocked to it during his reign, and with these achievements, the language became Greek is widely spread and dominates the world's languages. Alexander died after suffering from a high fever.
There is a story that he died of poisoning with a poison that was instilled on him by his personal doctor, whom he trusted blindly. It seems that those around him were conspiring against him due to his strange actions and behaviors, as he asked the Greeks to deify him in the last days of his life, and he was always drinking alcohol. The most important successor to him was his commander, Ptolemy I, one of his officers. He took over the rule of Egypt after his death and established the Library of Alexandria, spending enormous sums of money on it, and collecting ancient manuscripts, papyri, and ancient statues dating back to different eras. The library in that era was a unique masterpiece and included about 700 thousand papyri, in addition to the works of the poets Homer and Aristotle. The personality of Alexander the Great became stories and legends among all peoples. Some commentators even believe that Alexander the Great is the same Dhul-Qarnayn mentioned in the Holy Qur’an.
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