Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia-5
REFERENCES AND NOTES
58
M. Rivollat, C. Jeong, S. Schiffels, İ. Küçükkalıpçı, M.-H. Pemonge, A. B. Rohrlach, K. W. Alt, D. Binder, S. Friederich, E. Ghesquière, D. Gronenborn, L. Laporte, P. Lefranc, H. Meller, H. Réveillas, E. Rosenstock, S. Rottier, C. Scarre, L. Soler, J. Wahl, J. Krause, M.-F. Deguilloux, W. Haak, Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5344 (2020).
59
M. S. van de Loosdrecht, M. A. Mannino, S. Talamo, V. Villalba-Mouco, C. Posth, F. Aron, G. Brandt, M. Burri, C. Freund, R. Radzeviciute, R. Stahl, A. Wissgott, L. Klausnitzer, S. Nagel, M. Meyer, A. Tagliacozzo, M. Piperno, S. Tusa, C. Collina, V. Schimmenti, R. D. Salvo, K. Prüfer, J.-J. Hublin, S. Schiffels, C. Jeong, W. Haak, J. Krause, Genomic and dietary transitions during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in Sicily. bioRxiv 2020.03.11.986158 [Preprint]. 12 March 2020; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.986158.
60
D. H. Alexander, J. Novembre, K. Lange, Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Res. 19, 1655–1664 (2009).
61
J. A. Alcover, The first Mallorcans: Prehistoric colonization in the Western Mediterranean. J. World Prehist. 21, 19–84 (2008).
62
R. Micó, Radiocarbon dating and Balearic prehistory: Reviewing the periodization of the prehistoric sequence. Radiocarbon 48, 421–434 (2006).
63
L. García Sanjuán, J. M. Vargas Jiménez, L. M. Cáceres Puro, M. E. Costa Caramé, M. Díaz-Guardamino Uribe, M. Díaz-Zorita Bonilla, Á. Fernández Flores, V. Hurtado Pérez, P. M. López Aldana, E. Méndez Izquierdo, A. Pajuelo Pando, J. Rodríguez Vidal, D. Wheatley, C. Bronk Ramsey, A. Delgado-Huertas, E. Dunbar, A. Mora González, A. Bayliss, N. Beavan, D. Hamilton, A. Whittle, Assembling the dead, gathering the living: Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian modelling for Copper Age Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain). J. World Prehist. 31, 179–313 (2018).
64
G. Aranda Jiménez, M. Díaz-Zorita Bonilla, D. Hamilton, L. Milesi, M. Sánchez Romero, The radiocarbon chronology and temporality of the megalithic cemetery of Los Millares (Almería, Spain). Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 12, 104 (2020).
65
A. C. Valera, Social change in the late 3rd millennium BC in Portugal: The twilight of enclosures, in 2200 BC: A Climatic Break-down as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World, H. Meller, H. Arz, R. Jung, R. Risch, Eds. (Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle, 2014), pp. 409–428.
66
A. Blanco-González, K. T. Lillios, J. A. López-Sáez, B. L. Drake, Cultural, demographic and environmental dynamics of the Copper and Early Bronze Age in Iberia (3300–1500 BC): Towards an interregional multiproxy comparison at the time of the 4.2 ky BP event. J. World Prehist. 31, 1–79 (2018).
67
M. Hinz, J. Schirrmacher, J. Kneisel, C. Rinne, M. Weinelt, The Chalcolithic–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia under the influence of the 4.2 kyr event? A correlation of climatological and demographic proxies. J. Neolithic Archaeol. 21, 1–26 (2019).
68
J. Schirrmacher, J. Kneisel, D. Knitter, W. Hamer, M. Hinz, R. R. Schneider, M. Weinelt, Spatial patterns of temperature, precipitation, and settlement dynamics on the Iberian Peninsula during the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age. Quat. Sci. Rev. 233, 106220 (2020).
69
K. T. Lillios, A. Blanco-González, B. L. Drake, J. A. López-Sáez, Mid-late Holocene climate, demography, and cultural dynamics in Iberia: A multi-proxy approach. Quat. Sci. Rev. 135, 138–153 (2016).
70
V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Rihuete, R. Risch, in The Matter of Prehistory. Papers in Honour of Antonio Gilman Guillén, P. D. del Río, K. Lillios, I. Sastre, Eds. (Biblioteca Praehistorica Hispana, 36—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2020), pp. 191–209.
71
I. Lazaridis, A. Mittnik, N. Patterson, S. Mallick, N. Rohland, S. Pfrengle, A. Furtwängler, A. Peltzer, C. Posth, A. Vasilakis, P. J. P. McGeorge, E. Konsolaki-Yannopoulou, G. Korres, H. Martlew, M. Michalodimitrakis, M. Özsait, N. Özsait, A. Papathanasiou, M. Richards, S. A. Roodenberg, Y. Tzedakis, R. Arnott, D. M. Fernandes, J. R. Hughey, D. M. Lotakis, P. A. Navas, Y. Maniatis, J. A. Stamatoyannopoulos, K. Stewardson, P. Stockhammer, R. Pinhasi, D. Reich, J. Krause, G. Stamatoyannopoulos, Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548, 214–218 (2017).
72
E. R. Jones, G. Gonzalez-Fortes, S. Connell, V. Siska, A. Eriksson, R. Martiniano, R. L. McLaughlin, M. Gallego Llorente, L. M. Cassidy, C. Gamba, T. Meshveliani, O. Bar-Yosef, W. Müller, A. Belfer-Cohen, Z. Matskevich, N. Jakeli, T. F. G. Higham, M. Currat, D. Lordkipanidze, M. Hofreiter, A. Manica, R. Pinhasi, D. G. Bradley, Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nat. Commun. 6, 8912 (2015).
73
H. Ringbauer, J. Novembre, M. Steinrücken, Parental relatedness through time revealed by runs of homozygosity in ancient DNA. Nat. Commun. 12, 5425 (2021).
74
H. Ringbauer, M. Steinrücken, L. Fehren-Schmitz, D. Reich, Increased rate of close-kin unions in the central Andes in the half millennium before European contact. Curr. Biol. 30, R980–R981 (2020).
75
A. Goldberg, N. A. Rosenberg, Beyond 2/3 and 1/3: The complex signatures of sex-biased admixture on the X chromosome. Genetics 201, 263–279 (2015).
76
I. Mathieson, S. Alpaslan-Roodenberg, C. Posth, A. Szécsényi-Nagy, N. Rohland, S. Mallick, I. Olalde, N. Broomandkhoshbacht, F. Candilio, O. Cheronet, D. Fernandes, M. Ferry, B. Gamarra, G. G. Fortes, W. Haak, E. Harney, E. Jones, D. Keating, B. Krause-Kyora, I. Kucukkalipci, M. Michel, A. Mittnik, K. Nägele, M. Novak, J. Oppenheimer, N. Patterson, S. Pfrengle, K. Sirak, K. Stewardson, S. Vai, S. Alexandrov, K. W. Alt, R. Andreescu, D. Antonović, A. Ash, N. Atanassova, K. Bacvarov, M. B. Gusztáv, H. Bocherens, M. Bolus, A. Boroneanţ, Y. Boyadzhiev, A. Budnik, J. Burmaz, S. Chohadzhiev, N. J. Conard, R. Cottiaux, M. Čuka, C. Cupillard, D. G. Drucker, N. Elenski, M. Francken, B. Galabova, G. Ganetsovski, B. Gély, T. Hajdu, V. Handzhyiska, K. Harvati, T. Higham, S. Iliev, I. Janković, I. Karavanić, D. J. Kennett, D. Komšo, A. Kozak, D. Labuda, M. Lari, C. Lazar, M. Leppek, K. Leshtakov, D. L. Vetro, D. Los, I. Lozanov, M. Malina, F. Martini, K. McSweeney, H. Meller, M. Menđušić, P. Mirea, V. Moiseyev, V. Petrova, T. D. Price, A. Simalcsik, L. Sineo, M. Šlaus, V. Slavchev, P. Stanev, A. Starović, T. Szeniczey, S. Talamo, M. Teschler-Nicola, C. Thevenet, I. Valchev, F. Valentin, S. Vasilyev, F. Veljanovska, S. Venelinova, E. Veselovskaya, B. Viola, C. Virag, J. Zaninović, S. Zäuner, P. W. Stockhammer, G. Catalano, R. Krauß, D. Caramelli, G. Zariņa, B. Gaydarska, M. Lillie, A. G. Nikitin, I. Potekhina, A. Papathanasiou, D. Borić, C. Bonsall, J. Krause, R. Pinhasi, D. Reich, The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555, 197–203 (2018).
77
A. Mittnik, K. Massy, C. Knipper, F. Wittenborn, R. Friedrich, S. Pfrengle, M. Burri, N. Carlichi-Witjes, H. Deeg, A. Furtwängler, M. Harbeck, K. von Heyking, C. Kociumaka, I. Kucukkalipci, S. Lindauer, S. Metz, A. Staskiewicz, A. Thiel, J. Wahl, W. Haak, E. Pernicka, S. Schiffels, P. W. Stockhammer, J. Krause, Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366, 731–734 (2019).
78
J. Dabney, M. Knapp, I. Glocke, M.-T. Gansauge, A. Weihmann, B. Nickel, C. Valdiosera, N. García, S. Pääbo, J.-L. Arsuaga, M. Meyer, Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 15758–15763 (2013).
79
M. Kircher, S. Sawyer, M. Meyer, Double indexing overcomes inaccuracies in multiplex sequencing on the Illumina platform. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, e3 (2012).
80
M. Meyer, M. Kircher, Illumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2010, pdb.prot5448 (2010).
81
M. Schubert, S. Lindgreen, L. Orlando, AdapterRemoval v2: Rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC Res. Notes 9, 88 (2016).
82
H. Li, R. Durbin, Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows–Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754–1760 (2009).
83
A. Ginolhac, H. Jónsson, L. Orlando, M. Schubert, P. L. F. Johnson, mapDamage2.0: Fast approximate Bayesian estimates of ancient DNA damage parameters. Bioinformatics 29, 1682–1684 (2013).
84
M. Kearse, R. Moir, A. Wilson, S. Stones-Havas, M. Cheung, S. Sturrock, S. Buxton, A. Cooper, S. Markowitz, C. Duran, T. Thierer, B. Ashton, P. Meintjes, A. Drummond, Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28, 1647–1649 (2012).
85
H. Li, B. Handsaker, A. Wysoker, T. Fennell, J. Ruan, N. Homer, G. Marth, G. Abecasis, R. Durbin; 1000 Genome Project Data Processing Subgroup, The sequence alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25, 2078–2079 (2009).
86
H. Weissensteiner, D. Pacher, A. Kloss-Brandstätter, L. Forer, G. Specht, H.-J. Bandelt, F. Kronenberg, A. Salas, S. Schönherr, HaploGrep 2: Mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W58–W63 (2016).
87
M. van de Loosdrecht, A. Bouzouggar, L. Humphrey, C. Posth, N. Barton, A. Aximu-Petri, B. Nickel, S. Nagel, E. H. Talbi, M. A. El Hajraoui, S. Amzazi, J.-J. Hublin, S. Pääbo, S. Schiffels, M. Meyer, W. Haak, C. Jeong, J. Krause, Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations. Science 360, 548–552 (2018).
88
C. C. Cockerham, Higher order probability functions of identity of allelles by descent. Genetics 69, 235–246 (1971).
89
S. Walsh, F. Liu, A. Wollstein, L. Kovatsi, A. Ralf, A. Kosiniak-Kamysz, W. Branicki, M. Kayser, The HIrisPlex system for simultaneous prediction of hair and eye colour from DNA. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 7, 98–115 (2013).
90
N. Patterson, A. L. Price, D. Reich, Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLOS Genet. 2, e190 (2006).
91
C.-C. Wang, S. Reinhold, A. Kalmykov, A. Wissgott, G. Brandt, C. Jeong, O. Cheronet, M. Ferry, E. Harney, D. Keating, S. Mallick, N. Rohland, K. Stewardson, A. R. Kantorovich, V. E. Maslov, V. G. Petrenko, V. R. Erlikh, B. C. Atabiev, R. G. Magomedov, P. L. Kohl, K. W. Alt, S. L. Pichler, C. Gerling, H. Meller, B. Vardanyan, L. Yeganyan, A. D. Rezepkin, D. Mariaschk, N. Berezina, J. Gresky, K. Fuchs, C. Knipper, S. Schiffels, E. Balanovska, O. Balanovsky, I. Mathieson, T. Higham, Y. B. Berezin, A. Buzhilova, V. Trifonov, R. Pinhasi, A. B. Belinskij, D. Reich, S. Hansen, J. Krause, W. Haak, Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions. Nat. Commun. 10, 590 (2019).
92
S. Purcell, B. Neale, K. Todd-Brown, L. Thomas, M. A. R. Ferreira, D. Bender, J. Maller, P. Sklar, P. I. W. de Bakker, M. J. Daly, P. C. Sham, PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559–575 (2007).
93
P. Moorjani, S. Sankararaman, Q. Fu, M. Przeworski, N. Patterson, D. Reich, A genetic method for dating ancient genomes provides a direct estimate of human generation interval in the last 45,000 years. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 5652–5657 (2016).
94
V. Lull, C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch, E. Celdrán Beltrán, M. I. Fregeiro Morador, C. Oliart Caravatti, C. Velasco Felipe, La Almoloya (Pliego-Murcia): Murcia: Integral, Sociedad Para el Desarrollo Rural (Integral - Sociedad para el Desarrollo Rural, Bullas, Spain, 2015).
95
V. Lull, C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch, B. Bonora, E. Celdrán Beltrán, M. I. Fregeiro Morador, C. Molero, C. Moreno, C. Oliart Caravatti, C. Velasco-Felipe, L. Andúgar, W. Haak, V. Villalba-Mouco, R. Micó, Emblems and spaces of power during the Argaric Bronze Age at La Almoloya, Murcia. Antiquity 95, 329–348 (2021).
96
V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch, La Bastida y Tira del Lienzo (Totana-Murcia): Murcia: Integral, Sociedad Para el Desarrollo Rural (Integral - Sociedad para el Desarrollo Rural, Bullas, Spain, 2015).
97
C. Knipper, C. Rihuete-Herrada, J. Voltas, P. Held, V. Lull, R. Micó, R. Risch, K. W. Alt, Reconstructing Bronze Age diets and farming strategies at the early Bronze Age sites of La Bastida and Gatas (southeast Iberia) using stable isotope analysis. PLOS ONE 15, e0229398 (2020).
98
A. Szécsényi-Nagy, C. Roth, G. Brandt, C. Rihuete-Herrada, C. Tejedor-Rodríguez, P. Held, Í. García-Martínez-de-Lagrán, H. Arcusa Magallón, S. Zesch, C. Knipper, E. Bánffy, S. Friederich, H. Meller, P. Bueno Ramírez, R. Barroso Bermejo, R. de Balbín Behrmann, A. M. Herrero-Corral, R. Flores Fernández, C. Alonso Fernández, J. Jiménez Echevarria, L. Rindlisbacher, C. Oliart, M.-I. Fregeiro, I. Soriano, O. Vicente, R. Micó, V. Lull, J. Soler Díaz, J. A. López Padilla, C. Roca de Togores Muñoz, M. S. Hernández Pérez, F. J. Jover Maestre, J. Lomba Maurandi, A. Avilés Fernández, K. T. Lillios, A. M. Silva, M. Magalhães Ramalho, L. M. Oosterbeek, C. Cunha, A. J. Waterman, J. Roig Buxó, A. Martínez, J. Ponce Martínez, M. Hunt Ortiz, J. C. Mejías-García, J. C. Pecero Espín, R. Cruz-Auñón Briones, T. Tomé, E. Carmona Ballestero, J. L. Cardoso, A. C. Araújo, C. Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck, C. Blasco Bosqued, P. Ríos Mendoza, A. Pujante, J. I. Royo-Guillén, M. A. Esquembre Beviá, V. M. Dos Santos Goncalves, R. Parreira, E. Morán Hernández, E. Méndez Izquierdo, J. Vega y Miguel, R. Menduiña García, V. Martínez Calvo, O. López Jiménez, J. Krause, S. L. Pichler, R. Garrido-Pena, M. Kunst, R. Risch, M. A. Rojo-Guerra, W. Haak, K. W. Alt, The maternal genetic make-up of the Iberian Peninsula between the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Sci. Rep. 7, 15644 (2017).
99
J. A. Soler Díaz, C. Roca de Togores, Ritual funerario en la Cova d’En Pardo ca. 3.350–2.850 CAL ANE: Espacialidad, cronología y territorio cultural, in Cova d’En Pardo: Arqueología en la Memoria: Excavaciones de M. Tarradell, V. Pascual y E. Llobregat (1961–1965), Catálogo de Materiales del Museo de Alcoy y Estudios a Partir de las Campañas del MARQ (1993–2007) en la Cavidad de Planes, Alicante. (Museo Arqueológico de Alicante—MARQ, 2012), pp. 205–248.
100
J. A. S. Díaz, C. Roca de Togores Muñoz, Estudio de los restos humanos encontrados en las intervenciones practicadas en los años 1961 y 1965 en la Cova d’En Pardo, Planes, Alicante: análisis antropológico y aproximación a su contexto cultural. Saguntum Extra 2 (1999), pp. 369–377.
101
C. Roca de Togores Muñoz, J. A. S. Díaz, Restos humanos en la Cova d’en Pardo (Planes). Problemática y avance de resultados de la investigación antropológica en una cavidad de inhumación múltiple excavada en dos etapas: 1961-1965 y 1993-2007, in Cova d’En Pardo: Arqueología en la Memoria: Excavaciones de M. Tarradell, V. Pascual y E. Llobregat (1961–1965), Catálogo de Materiales del Museo de Alcoy y Estudios a Partir de las Campañas del MARQ (1993–2007) en la Cavidad de Planes, Alicante (Museo Arqueológico de Alicante—MARQ, 2012), pp. 193–204.
102
V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Rihuete, R. Risch, La Cova des Càrritx y la Cova des Mussol. Ideología y Sociedad en la Prehistoria de de Menorca (Consell Insular de Menorca, 1999).
103
M. De Cet, Long-term Social Development on a Mediterranean Island: Menorca Between 1600 BCE and 1900 CE (In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 2017).
104
T. Günther, C. Valdiosera, H. Malmström, I. Ureña, R. Rodriguez-Varela, Ó. O. Sverrisdóttir, E. A. Daskalaki, P. Skoglund, T. Naidoo, E. M. Svensson, J. M. Bermúdez de Castro, E. Carbonell, M. Dunn, J. Storå, E. Iriarte, J. L. Arsuaga, J.-M. Carretero, A. Götherström, M. Jakobsson, Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 11917–11922 (2015).
105
P. de Barros Damgaard, N. Marchi, S. Rasmussen, M. Peyrot, G. Renaud, T. Korneliussen, J. V. Moreno-Mayar, M. W. Pedersen, A. Goldberg, E. Usmanova, N. Baimukhanov, V. Loman, L. Hedeager, A. G. Pedersen, K. Nielsen, G. Afanasiev, K. Akmatov, A. Aldashev, A. Alpaslan, G. Baimbetov, V. I. Bazaliiskii, A. Beisenov, B. Boldbaatar, B. Boldgiv, C. Dorzhu, S. Ellingvag, D. Erdenebaatar, R. Dajani, E. Dmitriev, V. Evdokimov, K. M. Frei, A. Gromov, A. Goryachev, H. Hakonarson, T. Hegay, Z. Khachatryan, R. Khaskhanov, E. Kitov, A. Kolbina, T. Kubatbek, A. Kukushkin, I. Kukushkin, N. Lau, A. Margaryan, I. Merkyte, I. V. Mertz, V. K. Mertz, E. Mijiddorj, V. Moiyesev, G. Mukhtarova, B. Nurmukhanbetov, Z. Orozbekova, I. Panyushkina, K. Pieta, V. Smrčka, I. Shevnina, A. Logvin, K.-G. Sjögren, T. Štolcová, A. M. Taravella, K. Tashbaeva, A. Tkachev, T. Tulegenov, D. Voyakin, L. Yepiskoposyan, S. Undrakhbold, V. Varfolomeev, A. Weber, M. A. W. Sayres, N. Kradin, M. E. Allentoft, L. Orlando, R. Nielsen, M. Sikora, E. Heyer, K. Kristiansen, E. Willerslev, 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 557, 369–374 (2018).
106
A. Mittnik, C.-C. Wang, S. Pfrengle, M. Daubaras, G. Zariņa, F. Hallgren, R. Allmäe, V. Khartanovich, V. Moiseyev, M. Tõrv, A. Furtwängler, A. Andrades Valtueña, M. Feldman, C. Economou, M. Oinonen, A. Vasks, E. Balanovska, D. Reich, R. Jankauskas, W. Haak, S. Schiffels, J. Krause, The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nat. Commun. 9, 442 (2018).
107
R. Rodríguez-Varela, T. Günther, M. Krzewińska, J. Storå, T. H. Gillingwater, M. MacCallum, J. L. Arsuaga, K. Dobney, C. Valdiosera, M. Jakobsson, A. Götherström, L. Girdland-Flink, Genomic analyses of pre-European conquest human remains from the Canary Islands reveal close affinity to modern North Africans. Curr. Biol. 28, 1677–1679 (2018).
108
V. M. Narasimhan, N. Patterson, P. Moorjani, N. Rohland, R. Bernardos, S. Mallick, I. Lazaridis, N. Nakatsuka, I. Olalde, M. Lipson, A. M. Kim, L. M. Olivieri, A. Coppa, M. Vidale, J. Mallory, V. Moiseyev, E. Kitov, J. Monge, N. Adamski, N. Alex, N. Broomandkhoshbacht, F. Candilio, K. Callan, O. Cheronet, B. J. Culleton, M. Ferry, D. Fernandes, S. Freilich, B. Gamarra, D. Gaudio, M. Hajdinjak, É. Harney, T. K. Harper, D. Keating, A. M. Lawson, M. Mah, K. Mandl, M. Michel, M. Novak, J. Oppenheimer, N. Rai, K. Sirak, V. Slon, K. Stewardson, F. Zalzala, Z. Zhang, G. Akhatov, A. N. Bagashev, A. Bagnera, B. Baitanayev, J. Bendezu-Sarmiento, A. A. Bissembaev, G. L. Bonora, T. T. Chargynov, T. Chikisheva, P. K. Dashkovskiy, A. Derevianko, M. Dobeš, K. Douka, N. Dubova, M. N. Duisengali, D. Enshin, A. Epimakhov, A. V. Fribus, D. Fuller, A. Goryachev, A. Gromov, S. P. Grushin, B. Hanks, M. Judd, E. Kazizov, A. Khokhlov, A. P. Krygin, E. Kupriyanova, P. Kuznetsov, D. Luiselli, F. Maksudov, A. M. Mamedov, T. B. Mamirov, C. Meiklejohn, D. C. Merrett, R. Micheli, O. Mochalov, S. Mustafokulov, A. Nayak, D. Pettener, R. Potts, D. Razhev, M. Rykun, S. Sarno, T. M. Savenkova, K. Sikhymbaeva, S. M. Slepchenko, O. A. Soltobaev, N. Stepanova, S. Svyatko, K. Tabaldiev, M. Teschler-Nicola, A. A. Tishkin, V. V. Tkachev, S. Vasilyev, P. Velemínský, D. Voyakin, A. Yermolayeva, M. Zahir, V. S. Zubkov, A. Zubova, V. S. Shinde, C. Lalueza-Fox, M. Meyer, D. Anthony, N. Boivin, K. Thangaraj, D. J. Kennett, M. Frachetti, R. Pinhasi, D. Reich, The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365, eaat7487 (2019).
109
H. F. Klinefelter Jr., E. C. Reifenstein Jr., Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 2, 615–627 (1942).
110
P. Jacobs, A. G. Baikie, T. N. MacGregor, N. Maclean, D. G. Harnden, Evidence for the existence of the human “super female.” Lancet 274, 423–425 (1959).
111
R. Boada, J. Janusz, C. Hutaff-Lee, N. Tartaglia, The cognitive phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome: A review of the literature including genetic and hormonal factors. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 15, 284–294 (2009).
112
S. S. Ebenesersdóttir, M. Sandoval-Velasco, E. D. Gunnarsdóttir, A. Jagadeesan, V. B. Guðmundsdóttir, E. L. Thordardóttir, M. S. Einarsdóttir, K. H. S. Moore, Á. Sigurðsson, D. N. Magnúsdóttir, H. Jónsson, S. Snorradóttir, E. Hovig, P. Møller, I. Kockum, T. Olsson, L. Alfredsson, T. F. Hansen, T. Werge, G. L. Cavalleri, E. Gilbert, C. Lalueza-Fox, J. W. Walser III, S. Kristjánsdóttir, S. Gopalakrishnan, L. Árnadóttir, Ó. Þ. Magnússon, M. T. P. Gilbert, K. Stefánsson, A. Helgason, Ancient genomes from Iceland reveal the making of a human population. Science 360, 1028–1032 (2018).
113
M. Otter, C. T. Schrander-Stumpel, L. M. G. Curfs, Triple X syndrome: A review of the literature. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 18, 265–271 (2010).
114
M. Rafique, S. AlObaid, D. Al-Jaroudi, 47, XXX syndrome with infertility, premature ovarian insufficiency, and streak ovaries. Clin. Case Rep. 7, 1238–1241 (2019).
115
H. Schroeder, A. Margaryan, M. Szmyt, B. Theulot, P. Włodarczak, S. Rasmussen, S. Gopalakrishnan, A. Szczepanek, T. Konopka, T. Z. T. Jensen, B. Witkowska, S. Wilk, M. M. Przybyła, Ł. Pospieszny, K.-G. Sjögren, Z. Belka, J. Olsen, K. Kristiansen, E. Willerslev, K. M. Frei, M. Sikora, N. N. Johannsen, M. E. Allentoft, Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 10705–10710 (2019).
116
S. Walsh, L. Chaitanya, K. Breslin, C. Muralidharan, A. Bronikowska, E. Pospiech, J. Koller, L. Kovatsi, A. Wollstein, W. Branicki, F. Liu, M. Kayser, Global skin colour prediction from DNA. Hum. Genet. 136, 847–863 (2017).
117
L. Chaitanya, K. Breslin, S. Zuñiga, L. Wirken, E. Pośpiech, M. Kukla-Bartoszek, T. Sijen, P. de Knijff, F. Liu, W. Branicki, M. Kayser, S. Walsh, The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from DNA: Introduction and forensic developmental validation. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 35, 123–135 (2018).
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abi7038