Learn about the Aramaic and the Aramaic language
? Who are the Aramaic
One of the tribes who spoke a northern Semitic language (Aramaic), the Aramaeans established several kingdoms between the eleventh and eighth centuries BC in Syria, and at the same time expanded in large areas of Mesopotamia.
From some Aramaic kingdoms:
A map of the distribution of the Aramaic kingdoms
The Kingdom of Fadan Aram, with its capital Harran.
Kingdom of Aram Soba in the Bekaa Valley.
Kingdom of Aram al-Nahrain between the Euphrates and the Khabur.
The kingdom of Beit Bakhiani had its capital in Gwazana (currently Tel Halaf) in the Khabur Basin.
The kingdom of Beit Adini, with its capital at Tell Parsib (now Tell Red) in the north of the island.
The Kingdom of Beit Aguchi, with its capital Arpad (currently Tel Rifaat) and including the Aleppo region.
The kingdom of Shamal at the foothills of the Alamanos Mountains.
Kingdom of Hama.
Kingdom of Beth Rehob at the Litani River.
The Kingdom of Aram is with you in the Golan.
The Kingdom of Geshur between Damascus and the Yarmouk River.
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus, one of the most powerful kingdoms.
From some of the Arameans:
1. Hazael, King of Aram Damascus:
• Collecting the word of the Syrian kingdoms in the face of Assyria whenever he deems it necessary.
• Gathering many armies in the face of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III.
• He made sure that no kingdom west of the Euphrates would align itself with the Assyrian side or be neutral in the conflict with Assyria.
• Drawing up a new policy that would allow him to intervene against any state that tends to pacify Assyria and pay tribute to it in areas west of the Euphrates.
• He heard about the return of Shalmaneser III to the area, so he fortified Damascus and set out to meet him at the bottom of Mount Hermon, where he fortified to cut off the path of the Assyrian campaign.
• Hazael withdrew to Damascus and fortified it and resisted Shamnasir III. Then he was able to break the siege on Damascus. Shalmaneser III cut down the trees of Ghouta and demolished the cities and villages of Houran in revenge.
2. Benhadad Ibn Hazael, King of Aram Damascus:
• He received the throne of Damascus after his father, and that was in the year 800 BC.
• Extension of its influence over the entire regions of northern Syria in addition to the regions of central and southern Syria and Palestine.
• He was able to mobilize the entire regions west of the Euphrates in one front, in preparation to stand up to the Assyrian king "Adad Nabarari III".
• He ascended at the head of a Syrian alliance comprising seven kingdoms known for its fierce hostility to Assyria, especially the kingdom of Beit Aguchi, and fought the King of Hama called “Zakir” due to the behavior of the Aramaic kingdom of Hama during his reign in a pro-Assyrian approach.
A. What was the result of the siege: Either the allies lifted their siege of the city and retreated from it after they received news that the king of Assyria “Adad Nabarari III” had crossed the Euphrates, or that they had reached an agreement guaranteeing the neutrality of the king of Hama “Zakir” in the next battle.
• As for the king of Assyria, “Adad Nabarari III,” he was able to seize Damascus and imprison its king, “Benhadad bin Hazael,” and force him to pay a tribute of 2,300 talents of silver, 20 of gold, and 5,000 of iron.
Aramaic:
A North Central or Northwestern Semitic language originally spoken by a Middle Eastern population known as Aramaic. The
Aramaic alphabet consists of 22 letters and is written from right to left like most Semitic languages. It is believed that the first appearance of Aramaic
was among the Aramaeans in the eleventh century BC.
Oldest Aramaic alphabet
The Aramaic alphabet during the rule of the Assyrian and Persian Achaemenid empires.
By the eighth century BC the Aramaic language had become accepted by the Assyrians as a second language. The mass deportations of the people by the Assyrians and the use of Aramaic as a lingua franca among Babylonian merchants helped preserve the language and increase its spread. It then became the official language of the Achaemenid Persian dynasty (559-330 BC).
After the conquests of Alexander the Great removed Greek as an official language, it included all parts of the former Persian Empire.
Some parts of the Old Testament, for example the Book of Ezra and the Book of Daniel, were written in Aramaic, as it is believed that Jesus and his disciples spoke Aramaic. Aramaic continued in large areas until it was removed in 650 AD and replaced by the Arabic language.
Aramaic language
In the early ages of AD, the Aramaic language was divided into two types, eastern and western. The dialects of the western category include, for example, the Nabataean and Palmyrene dialects. The Western Aramaic dialect is spoken so far in some small villages in Lebanon and 3 villages in Damascus (Jaba’deen, Bakha’a and Maaloula), and Eastern Aramaic It includes dialects such as Old Syriac (Classical), Mandaean and Modern Assyrian, and is spoken by some groups of Sabean Mandaeans and Christians in the Middle East.
Aramaic mythology:
The Aramaic mythology was dominated by the worship of the god of storms, weather and fertility “Haddad”, and in the Mesopotamian Assyrian mythology, the god “Adad”, was removed at times by the Canaanite god “Baal”, or merged with him as “Baal-hadad”, or in Sometimes as "Baal" or "Master" and later associated with the Greek gods Zeus and the Roman Jupiter.
The image on the right is of the god Hadad. As for the picture on the left, it is an archaeological monument with Aramaic inscription found in Neirab (Tel Avis) near Aleppo from the 7th century BC, now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.
The end of the Aramaic kingdom:
The Assyrian king, Tiglath-pileser III, occupied Arpad (currently Tel Rifaat), the center of the Aramaic resistance in northern Syria in 740 BC, and also overthrew the Kingdom of Samaria in 734 BC and the Kingdom of Damascus in 732, then his son Sargon II came and destroyed the Aramaic kingdom of Hama Which led to the end of the Aramaic kingdoms in the West.
A copy of the facade of the Royal Palace in Guzana (Tel Halaf) from the Aramaic kingdom of Beit Bakhiani dating back to the ninth century BC at the entrance to the National Museum of Aleppo.
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