Babylonian tablet recording the movement of Jupiter
A Babylonian tablet records the movement and position of Jupiter over the course of 60 consecutive days. The inscriptions on the tablets explain that it measures the apparent daily speed of Jupiter (as seen from Earth) on different dates in its orbit. Then they used these speeds and times to deduce the distance that Jupiter must have traveled during the observation period. This engineering concept used by the Babylonians is equivalent to the concept of the graph of speed, time, and area located under this graph.
Babylonian Astronomy is the study and recording of astronomical objects during the early times of Mesopotamia. These records appear inscribed in cuneiform on Sumerian clay tablets, dating from 3500 to 3200 BC.
The Sumerians developed their own form of astronomy influenced by their religious mythology, which left an imprint on their Babylonian culture, including planetary deities who played an important role.
Babylonian astronomy focuses on a group of stars and constellations known as “Zigbo stars.”
These constellations were compiled from various early sources. The oldest star catalogs called “three stars each” mention stars in the Akkadian Empire, the Kingdom of Amurru, the Elam civilization and others. A special counting system based on the number 60, known as the sexagesimal system, was used. This system simplified the methods of calculating and recording large and small numbers. We can consider the Sumerians to be the first to initiate the sexagesimal systems used to this day, such as dividing a circle into 360 degrees, and each degree is divided into 60 minutes.
Source: Iraqi Space: The ancient Babylonians and their observation of space and planets.